IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine - Q4 2019 - 21
cal and rhythmic parameters can be manipulated easily.
Via suitable modification of the speech waveform, voice
conversion can convert non-/para-linguistic information as expected [10]. Table I lists several existing frameworks that are frequently applied for producing speech
and acoustic signals. Details of speech synthesis and
voice conversion techniques can be found in the overview papers and books of [3], [6], [7], [11].
In recent years, the research on anti-spoofing countermeasures to detect deliberate and unknown attacks
by artificial (e.g. synthesized) speech is becoming
more active [12]. Compared to other state-of-the-art
trained conversion function. After the conversion step,
the speech features are computed from the converted
features and used for synthesizing the converted utterance waveform.
Since the original formulation of the voice conversion problem was proposed in 1985, many VC techniques have been introduced [8]. The most popular
VC approach is the STRAIGHT (Speech Transformation and Representation using Adaptive Interpolation
of weiGHTed spectrum), which utilizes a combination
of spectral representations and voice conversion techniques [9]. With this VC system, the spectral, acousti-
Source
Speaker
Conversion
Function
Training
Time
Alignment
Conversion
Model
Target
Speaker
Training Phase
Conversion Phase
Mapping
Feature
Computation
Speech
Analysis
Conversion
Function
Input
Utterance
Speech
Feature
Computation
Speech
Synthesis
Converted
Utterance
Figure 2. A typical voice conversion system.
Table I.
Frameworks providing speech generation tools and methods.
Framework
Language
URL
MaryTTS
Java
http://mary.dfki.de/
eSpeak
C
http://espeak.sourceforge.net/
HTS
C
http://hts.sp.nitech.ac.jp/
Festvox/Festival
C++
http://festvox.org/
Idlak
C++
https://github.com/idlak/idlak
Merlin
Python
https://github.com/CSTR-Edinburgh/merlin
Ossian
Python
https://github.com/CSTR-Edinburgh/Ossian
GAN TTS
Python
https://github.com/r9y9/gantts
Sprocket
Python
https://github.com/k2kobayashi/sprocket
STRAIGHT
Matlab
https://github.com/HidekiKawahara/legacy_STRAIGHT
WORLD
C++/Matlab/Python
https://github.com/mmorise/World
FOURTH QUARTER 2019
IEEE CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS MAGAZINE
21
http://mary.dfki.de/
http://espeak.sourceforge.net/
http://hts.sp.nitech.ac.jp/
http://www.festvox.org/
https://www.github.com/idlak/idlak
https://www.github.com/CSTR-Edinburgh/merlin
https://www.github.com/CSTR-Edinburgh/Ossian
https://www.github.com/r9y9/gantts
https://www.github.com/k2kobayashi/sprocket
https://www.github.com/HidekiKawahara/legacy_STRAIGHT
https://www.github.com/mmorise/World
IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine - Q4 2019
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