IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine - Q4 2020 - 28

Feature

Smart
Autonomous
Electro-Optic
Platforms
Enabling
Innovative Brain
Therapies

Gabriel Gagnon-Turcotte, Member, IEEE,
Guillaume Bilodeau, Member, IEEE, Olivier Tsiakaka,
Member, IEEE, and Benoit Gosselin, Member, IEEE

Abstract
The future of brain research lies in the application of new technologies drawing from the latest developments in biology, physics and
engineering to advance our understanding of how this complex organ processes, integrates and transfers information. Among these,
optogenetics is a groundbreaking technology that allows using light
to selectively activate neurons in the cortex of transgenic animals,
usually mice, to observe its effect in large biological networks. A
new research paradigm drawing from these advances consists of
synchronizing optogenetic stimulation with electrophysiology recordings, to close the loop and to regulate the neural microcircuits,
or to repair them. Such an approach holds promise to accelerate
the development of new therapeutics against brain diseases by
enabling entirely new experimental research scenarios with freely
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MCAS.2020.3027220
Date of current version: 12 November 2020

28

IEEE CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS MAGAZINE

behaving animal models.
As a result, the development of advanced wireless microelectronic implantable systems to elicit,
extract and process brain data in real time
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has become a source of significant interest. This
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paper reviews the design challenges and the state-ofHI
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CC
the-art technology in this field. We present the design of a
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complete electro-optic device for preforming optogenetics and
multichannel electrophysiology in a closed-loop (CL) system with
live neurons. We cover the design of the different CMOS integrated
building blocks involved in this system to perform photostimulation
and multichannel neural recording in parallel. We describe advanced hardware strategies to perform action potential (AP) detection, neural data compression and AP sorting in real-time, over
several parallel recording channels for enabling real-time CL neural
control. Finally, we present CL experimental results obtained in vivo
with an electro-optic prototype.

1531-636X/20Â©2020IEEE

FOURTH QUARTER 2020

IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine - Q4 2020

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