IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine - Q4 2021 - 41

φ1
φ2
K4C1
φ1
φ2
φ1
φ2
C1
V1(z)
φ1
Vi(z)
φ2
K1C1
φ1
φ2
φ1
φ2
-
+
K2C2
φ1
φ2
φ1
φ2
K5C2
φ2
V0(z)
φ1
-
+
C2
φ1
K6C2
φ1
φ2
K3C2
Figure 1. Switched-capacitor biquad.
higher-order filters as a cascade of lower-order sections,
such as biquadratic filter or " biquad " shown
in Figure 1.
Although filters were the first SC circuits implementit
was soon recognized that other analog circuits
ed,
are also accessible for switched-capacitor realization
[3]. These included gain stages, modulators, PLLs, ADCs
and DACs, oscillators and VCOs, and many others. Essentially,
all analog IC stages at low or medium frequencies
can be implemented using SC circuitry. In some cases,
however, continuous-time (CT) realization lead to better
performance. This may be due to the high bandwidth reVSS
φ2
S3
A
φ1
S1
VGS
S
vin
MNSW
Figure
2. Bootstrapping switch driver used to driver a floating
switch.
Vc
S2
G
Coffset
VDD
φ2
S4
B
VDD
φ1
φ2
VSS
S5
D
VDD
C1
C2
φ2
φ1
(S1)
Figure 3. Circuit for doubling the clock voltage swing.
Gabor Temes, Un-Ku Moon and David Allstot are professors at the School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University,
Corvallis, Oregon.
FOURTH QUARTER 2021
IEEE CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS MAGAZINE
41
2VDD
quirements on the amplifiers due to the impulsive charge
redistribution operation, and the nonideal effects associated
with all components. Some of these effects are listed
below, with existing methods that can mitigate them.
Switches are subject to charge injection. This is due
to the exit of the charges stored in the channel during
conduction. The channel charge Qch
from the formula QR /,L2
ch # on = n where Ron
may be estimated
is the onresistance
of the switch, L is the length of the channel,
and n the carrier mobility in it [4]. Charge injection
may be mitigated by using transmission gates rather
than single switches or by adding dummy devices ([5],
p. 448). For a floating switch operating at a signal voltage,
both Qch
and Ron
will be signal dependent, and hence
introduce nonlinear distortion. There are several situations
requiring different mitigation strategies, discussed

IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine - Q4 2021

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