assist in the development of efficient and reliable computing systems useful for different applications. Section II introduces nonconventional number systems, the main characteristics and the associated computer arithmetic. The Logarithmic Number System (LNS) and the Residue Number System (RNS) shorten up the carry chain underlying binary arithmetic. While LNS compresses the number representation significantly, Architecture Multicore Quantum Von Neumann Binary Scaled CMOS C Material Silicon Spintronics Molecular Quantum Ferromagnetic s ie ew ve N Device io nt Te c hn lS na on Non-Conventional og C ol ed l ca Data Representation S O M Morphic Nanoconstructed Materials Carbon Ge and III-V Materials Figure 2. Emerging research information processing devices, highlighting the non-conventional data representation (adapted from [9]). Section II: Computer Arithmetic And Architectures [10-77] High Performance Reliability RNS LNS Residual Arithmetic Nanophotonic Computer European Logarithmic Microprocessor Stochastic Hyper Dimensional Low Power Noise Robustness HDC Processor StoRM PIM Quantum Computing DNA Computing Approximate Computing Section III: Nanotechnologies [78-119] Memristors/Hybrid Memories DNA /Molecular Biology Superconductors (AQFP) Integrated Photonics CMOS Invertible Circuits Section IV: Applications [120-158] Quantum-Resistant Cryptography Machine Learning Figure 3. Structure of the survey: sections and topics. FIRST QUARTER 2021 IEEE CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS MAGAZINE 9