IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine - Q3 2021 - 17

leveraged in designing physically RPUF designs [110].
Due to the innate stochastic process of PCM, interestingly
the area overhead of PCM based RPUF designs have
been drastically reduced (92% reduction). However, the
PCM based PUFs have exhibited higher energy consumption
(98% increment) because of the large amplitude of
programming current [68]. Thus, emerging technologies
based PUFs outperformed CMOS based designs, with
some challenges. Further research efforts are required
to reduce the challenge and to make the emerging PUF
design suitable for various real-time applications.
B. Side-Channel Analysis Countermeasures
The resource-constrained internet of things (IoT) imposes
new demands on modern cryptographic systems
because several IoT nodes are compact and operate
with low power batteries [1]. Due to high power
consumption and large area overhead, conventional
cryptographic techniques have become highly incompatible
for resource constraints IoT applications
[31]. As a result, emerging light-weight cryptographic
algorithms attracted wide attention for resource-constrained
system design due to their lower energy consumption
and little area overhead [111]. On the other
hand, the wide distribution of these lightweight IoT
devices gives rise to several physical attacks [112].
Among the wide variety of physical attacks introduced,
the side-channel attacks are proved to be simple and
effective in recovering secret information [15]. Depending
upon the physical phenomenon being observed
from the cryptographic engines, SCA attacks are classified
as power, electromagnetic, photonic, thermal, and
sound attacks. This paper reviewed the power analysis
attack, electromagnetic attack, photonic attacks, and
their countermeasures due to their simplicity and effectiveness
in recovering secret information [15]. Figure 13
Table 3.
Performance comparison of emerging technologies based PUFs with CMOS.
Performance Comparison of Emerging Technologies based PUFs with CMOS
Weak PUFs
Strong PUFs
Emerging
Device
CNTFET
STT-MTJ
RRAM
PCM
E (pJ/bit) A (µm2)
Low
Low
High
E (pJ/bit)
Ultra High
Low
Low
High
U (%)
High
High
High
A (µm2)
Ultra Low
R (%)
High
High
E (pJ/
bit)
Ultra High High
Reconfigurable PUFs
U (%)
High
E-Energy consumption/bit, A-Circuit/system area, U-Uniqueness, and R-Reliability
A (µm2)
Ultra low Low
Low
Low
High
U (%)
High
High
High
R (%)
High
R (%)
High
High
Ultra High
Power SCA
All Possible Keys
(K)
Cryptographic
Algorithm
Power Model
Input
Crypto
Engine
Key
Correlation
Key
Power Signal
Output
Electromagnetic SCA
Encryption IC
EM Probe
EM Signal
Correct Key Guess
Photon Emission
Key Retrieval
Figure 13. Overview of different side-channel attacks considering power, electromagnetic, photonic information of IC/crypto engine.
THIRD QUARTER 2021
IEEE CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS MAGAZINE
17
Photonic SCA
IC Exposure to
Infrared Light
IC Design
EM Correlation
Analysis
IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine - Q3 2021

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