IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine - Q3 2021 - 5

nanotechnologies for the design of hardware security primitives
and methodologies have been reported. Finally, different analyses
have been presented to demonstrate the promising performance
of post-CMOS devices over the current CMOS technology in different
countermeasures. Additionally, challenges, future directions,
and plans have been presented to achieve more research outcomes
in this field.
I. Introduction
A
long with ultra-low power consumption and highspeed
characteristics of the integrated circuit,
security has become an essential metric in the
widespread and highly vulnerable internet of things era
[1]-[2]. In the recent past, there exists a huge economic
loss due to increased cyber and hardware attacks/
breaches in the information and communication systems
[3]. Compared to cybersecurity attacks, hardware
breaches can be highly damaging because software inherently
assumes that the hardware on which it runs is
not compromised [4]-[5]. As an example, in 2015 Google
demonstrated a hardware security attack on the memory
of several laptops that allowed outside actors to change
the stored information on the computer's memory with2011
2015
2018
2022
2.03
Billion
Hardware Security
Market Value
1.7 Trillion
1.2 Trillion
7.5 Billion
U.S.D
Figure 1. Global market value of counterfeiting goods and
hardware security.
out permissions on the system [6]. Recently in 2018, another
serious hardware attack on Intel, AMD, and ARM
processors revealed that malicious actors can steal information
stored in the processor memory [6]. In support
of this, various global surveys have reported that
the cost of counterfeit/malicious goods was estimated
in the excess of trillion U.S. dollars as shown in Fig. 1
[7]. It is also forecasted that the hardware security modules/systems
market is expected to reach approximately
2.03 billion U.S. dollars by 2022 due to the rising of serious
security attacks on hardware [8].
The security attacks such as counterfeiting of IC, reverse
engineering, insertion of hardware trojans, and
side-channel analysis (SCA) weakens and compromises
the hardware system [9]-[10]. Counterfeiting involves
the production of duplicate hardware by copying/tampering
the design from an unauthorized individual/
company [11]. The pirated ICs not only have a negative
impact on brand reputation but also cause functional
failures in systems and operations. It is also a fact that
an unauthorized party may extract gate-level information
by delayering the IC layout i.e., reverse engineering
to steal valuable intellectual property information [12].
IC reverse engineering may lead to the malicious modification
of the circuitry that is generally known as Hardware
Trojan (HT) [13]. The HT tries to bypass or disable
the important functions and it can leak confidential information
stored in the hardware. Besides these attacks,
cryptographic devices are highly vulnerable to SCA due
1Aditya Japa and Manoj Kumar Majumder are with Department of Electronics
and Communication, DSPM International Institute of Information
Technology, Naya Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 493661, India. 2Subhendu K. Sahoo
is with Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla
Institute of Technology and Science, Hyderabad 500078, India. 3Ramesh
Vaddi is with Department of Electronics and Communication, School of
Engineering and Applied Sciences, SRM University, Amaravati, Guntur,
Andhra Pradesh, 522502, India. 4Brajesh Kumar Kaushik is with Department
of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India.
THIRD QUARTER 2021
IEEE CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS MAGAZINE
5
Counterfeiting
or
Malicious Goods
Market
©SHUTTERSTOCK.COM/MRED
Year
http://www.SHUTTERSTOCK.COM/MRED
IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine - Q3 2021

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine - Q3 2021
