IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine - Q3 2021 - 77

If DD ,Max
#
sample is assigned to cluster j. Consequently
as the sample is assigned to cluster j, each component
of its centroid and their corresponding dispersions
are updated as shown in Eq. 3a and Eq. 3b:
CC S
i
j
i
j
=-aa i
() +
1
=+
i
j
vava=- +- () SCiCC1
nn 1ii
i
j
Eq. 3a and 3b shows that Ci
j
of Si and SC , implemented as low pass filters. This
i
-
i
j
implementation is much lighter than using an arithmetical
mean and adapts to slow changes in cluster parameters.
Number of elements of the cluster
n ,i
DD ,Max
2
there are two options:
Eq. 3c, gives indications on cluster usefulness. Only most
important ones will be kept at the end of learning phase.
If
incremented in
VII. Results
Proposed artificial ventilator has been successfully tested
at IRBA (Institute de Recherche Biomédical des Armées)
Init First Cluster
Centroid and Data
Dispersion With
Firsts k Samples
and Ci
j
i
j
(3a)
(3b)
(3c)
v are moving averages
■ If algorithm is in learning phase, a new cluster Cj
is created as shown Fig. 7(a), its centroid parameters
are initialized with the new sample signature
and its dispersion is initialized considering the
overall data dispersion calculated in the initialisation
phase, as shown in Eq. 4.
CSiC
i
j
v
==vi
2
i
j
(4)
■ If algorithm is in detection phase, an alert is generated
as shown in Fig. 7(b). Fig. 8 shows a screenshot
of the interface during monitoring, two clusters
can be observed represented in 3D with the
most relevant features.
Create New Cluster
With Centroid
Initialized Using the
New Sample
All Clusters
Had Been
Compared
New Sample
Nominal
Distance ≥ DMax
Compare
With Each Cluster
Centroid
Nominal
Distance < DMax
Update Cluster
Centroid i
Anomaly
Detected
All Clusters
Had Been
Compared
New Sample
Nominal
Distance ≥ DMax
Compare
With Each Cluster
Centroid
Nominal
Distance < DMax
Increase Sample
Counter of
Cluster i
Update Cluster
Centroid i
(a)
(b)
Figure 7. Unsupervised learning algorithms. (a) K-Means training algorithm. (b) K-Means anomalies detection algorithm.
THIRD QUARTER 2021
IEEE CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS MAGAZINE
77

IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine - Q3 2021

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