IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine - Q3 2021 - 81

optical signals into biological signals. The biological signals
are transmitted to the visual processing area of the
brain through the optic nerve and neuron pathways. To
achieve visual tracking, we focus on the accurate recognitions
on various eye movements (gaze, etc.) under
the assumption of conscious and obvious visual attention.
Due to physiological changes of the eyeball
when gazing at one point, visual analysis algorithms
and real-time computing technology with high precision
and low latency are applied to obtain corresponding
information.
B. Pupil Center and Cornea Reflection Technique
Fixation, composed of several movements (microsaccades,
tremors, and drift) helping the eyes align with
the target and avoid perceptual fading, is the most
significant feature for processing recognitions. A critical
factor to model fixation is gaze point information
(GPI), which represents the spatial locations of the
optic axis landing on the stimulus and its timestamps
corresponding to its measurement. Next, the core
technology of obtaining GPI for eye movement tracking
is elaborated.
When light beams enter the human eyes, some of
them will be reflected by the surface of different tissues
inside the eyeball and the others will be refracted. With
different brightness, light reflected via the cornea will
be collected by the PCCR sensor [4]. After establishing
light sources and cameras in different directions, a series
of equations can be obtained to calculate the GPI.
Due to the ethnic differences, our eye trackers (Tobii Eye
Tracker 5) use two tracking methods to reduce measurement
errors: dark pupil effect and bright pupil effect [7].

IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine - Q3 2021

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