IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine - Q3 2021 - 84

References
[1] " Facts and figures at a glance, " National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical
Center, Tech. Rep., 2020.
[2] A. Villanueva and R. Cabeza, " A novel gaze estimation system with
one calibration point, " IEEE Trans. Syst., Man, Cybern. B, vol. 38, no. 4,
pp. 1123-1138, 2008. doi: 10.1109/TSMCB.2008.926606.
[3] E. D. Guestrin and M. Eizenman, " General theory of remote gaze
estimation using the pupil center and corneal reflections, " IEEE
Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. 53, no. 6, pp. 1124-1133, 2006. doi: 10.1109/
TBME.2005.863952.
[4] A. T. Duchowski, Eye Tracking Methodology: Theory and Practice.
New York: Springer-Verlag, 2007.
[5] L. S. Pedrotti and F. L. Pedrotti, Optics and Vision. Englewood Cliffs,
NJ: Prentice Hall, 1998.
[6] S.-W. Shih and J. Liu, " A novel approach to 3-D gaze tracking using
stereo cameras, " IEEE Trans. Syst., Man, Cybern. B, vol. 34, no. 1, pp.
234-245, 2004. doi: 10.1109/TSMCB.2003.811128.
[7] Z. Zhu and Q. Ji, " Novel eye gaze tracking techniques under natural
head movement, " IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. 54, no. 12, pp. 2246-
2260, 2007.
Nicolas Moser, Jesus Rodriguez-Manzano, and
Pantelis Georgiou, Member, IEEE
ProtonDx: Accurate, Rapid and Lab-Free Detection of
SARS-CoV-2 and Other Respiratory Pathogens
Abstract
ProtonDx will provide a response to the COVID-19 pandemic by
bringing nucleic-acid based molecular diagnostics to the palm
of your hand. It will support the deployment of the Lacewing
technology, which achieves accurate, rapid, handheld and low
cost detection of SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory infections.
Results are synchronized to electronic health records and geotagged
for real-time surveillance of disease progression. The
device was designed for use at the point of need, in places such
as pharmacies, schools and workplaces. Its unique approach
combines standard semiconductor technology, advanced molecular
biology and 3D printed microfluidics to match the performance
of a bench-based instrument. Clinical trials are currently
in progress at Imperial NHS Trust, London, UK which will
lead to regulatory approvals and commercialization in the next
few months.
I. Introduction
T
84
he emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in the late months
of 2019 has triggered a new pandemic which has
infected over 50 million people and caused over
1.5 million deaths at the time of writing this article, significantly
straining health systems across the world. It
has also caused drastic changes to our daily lives with
country-wide lockdowns and travel restrictions across
2020, severely damaging the economy. Since the start
of the pandemic, rapid testing has always been at the
forefront of a path to recovery, while the research for
a vaccine was ongoing. Governments have often set up
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MCAS.2021.3092586
Date of current version: 12 August 2021
IEEE CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS MAGAZINE
a response strategy based on large-scale testing and
contact tracing, with the intention to prevent the spread
of the infection. These tests have been associated with
numerous issues, among which inaccuracies and inaccessibility
have appeared as the main challenges. In the
UK, it is estimated that home tests require 4 days to receive
results and patients need to travel just under
10 km on average to reach a testing site. New diagnostic
technology is essential to provide efficient testing as a
response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
There are mainly two types of tests available for
COVID-19, viral and antibody tests. The viral tests are
direct tests which are designed to detect the virus by
targeting SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA or antigens, and therefore
indicate current infection. On the other hand, antibody
tests are indirect tests that measure established
seroconversion to previous infection, or early seroconversion
to ongoing infection. Figure 1 emphasizes the
time relationship between diagnostic test and evolution
of COVID-19 infection.
Great efforts have been made in order to develop rapid
antigen test for SARS-CoV-2. However, the principal
concerns are the false-negative rate due to inadequate
limit of detection. The recommended test for diagnosis
of SARS-CoV-2 infection involves detection of viral RNA
using nucleic acid amplification tests, such as reverse
transcription (RT)-PCR.
Our cutting-edge research at the interface of electronics,
molecular biology and microfluidics at Imperial
College London has enabled the development of
THIRD QUARTER 2021
IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine - Q3 2021

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine - Q3 2021
