IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine - Q3 2021 - 86

15 mins
Nasopharyngeal
or Saliva Swab
Connectivity
Sample
Processing
Module
Panel of
Pathogens
Nucleic Acid
Detection
Real-Time Mapping
of Epidemics
Microchip Detection
and Machine Learning
Figure 3. Diagnostic workflow from sample to result.
developed during years of research into Ion-Sensitive
Field-Effect Transistors (ISFETs) in unmodified CMOS
technology, in Dr Georgiou's group at the Centre for
Bio-Inspired Technology, Imperial College London.
A. ISFET-Based CMOS Microchip
Over the past decades, ISFETs have appeared as ideal
candidates for potentiometric sensing due to monolithic
integration with CMOS instrumentation [5]. When structured
in arrays, ISFETs allow for electrochemical imaging,
acting as a real-time camera into chemical reactions.
ISFETs are well-known for suffering from several nonidealities
particularly when implemented in unmodified
CMOS technology, including trapped charge and drift. In
the group, we have focused on implementing advanced
compensation schemes at the sensor level using dedicated
analogue front-end. In 2018, we designed TITANICKS
(Fig. 5), a new microchip where the pixel architecture
encodes the chemical signal in the time domain for high
resolution and integrates a RAM for sensor compensation
[4]. With this chip we also demonstrated our first
LAMP assay detection.
Pixel Array
H+
TITANICKS
78 × 56
Sensors
37 µm
H+
H+
mV
63 °C
B. Handheld Device for Infectious Disease Diagnostics
We designed a Lab-on-Chip (LoC) cartridge to interface
electronic and molecular biology (Fig. 5). The cartridge
relies on laser cut acrylic to form a
reaction chamber, with a thin chloridized
silver wire acting as Ag/AgCl
reference electrode. The cartridge
interfaces to the main board for data
acquisition using a microcontroller
and communication to a phone via
Bluetooth. Thermal control is also
enabled using a Peltier module, onchip
temperature sensors and a PID
controller [4].
Because our test is handheld
Time
4 mm
Figure 4. CMOS microchip integrating over 4,000 ISFET sensors integrated within a
Lab-on-Chip package for nucleic acid amplification and detection [4].
86
IEEE CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS MAGAZINE
and battery-powered, it is ideally
suited to application in the community
or low-resource settings,
hence our vision for Lacewing was
targeted at tropical diseases in lowand
middle-income countries. We
THIRD QUARTER 2021
4 mm
35 µm

IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine - Q3 2021

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