IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine - Q1 2022 - 20

physical level, by demanding innovative solutions to implement
efficient Integrated Circuits (ICs) to put SDR/CR
concept in practice. As stated in Section II, multi-standard
transceivers embedded in last-generation cellular
phones tend to reduce the analog/RF content, although
it is still a common approach to implement such multimode
transceivers by using single down/up conversion
scheme as conceptually depicted in Fig. 9. This architecture
eliminates the need for both Intermediate-Frequency
(IF) and Image Reject (IR) filtering and requires only
a single oscillator and mixer, which increases hardware
sharing. Moreover, the most common situation in practice
is that, separate (switchable) RF front-end paths are
used for different standards, whereas a single, digitallyprogrammed
baseband section is shared by all of them.
One of the major design challenges is to make as
many RF building blocks reconfigurable as possible, so
that the ideal scheme should be as that conceptually
shown in Fig. 10. However, even this fully-programmable
transceiver scheme would be feasible, there are several
issues that should be also taken into account. On the
one hand, multi-standard transceivers must be able to
support different standards concurrently. For example,
several standards operate in a concurrently way at a
given time. Thus, it is common to use simultaneously
cellular standards (GSM, UMTS, LTE, etc.) with other
wireless communications such as WLAN, Bluetooth,
GPS, etc. The challenge therefore lies in designing a reconfigurable
cellular transceiver that can meet many
diverse requirements without replicating the hardware
and increasing the cost/size. The trend nowadays is towards
implementing the DSP, the programmable A/D/A
interface and most of the reconfigurable ASP/RF signal
processing in an advanced CMOS technology process,
while the rest of components, basically the antenna in -
terface and RF front-end components, can be implemented
LPF
ADC
Rx Filter-1
LNA-1
Rx Filter-2
LNA-2
..........
LPF
ADC
Rx Filter-N
LNA-N
Receiver
Transmitter
LPF
Tx Filter-1
Amplifier
Tx Filter-2
π/2
..........
Amplifier
LPF
Tx Filter-N
DAC
PLL-Based Synthesizer
Amplifier
π/2
Amplifier
PLL-Based Synthesizer
DAC
Figure 9. Multi-standard transceivers based on switchable RF front-ends.
20
IEEE CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS MAGAZINE
FIRST QUARTER 2022
Duplexer and Switch Matrix
PA N
PA 2
Switch Matrix
PA 1
Switch Matrix
DSP

IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine - Q1 2022

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