IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine - Q1 2022 - 60
obtaining 4 different periods with a fine fractional time
resolution. Compared to ring oscillators, the DLL-based
solution demonstrates a better phase noise perforRV+
RV-
Edge
Detector
mance
as jitter accumulation is avoided. A hybrid 8-tap
FIR filter is used to improve the output phase noise [139].
The measured constellation diagrams under different
modulation modes are illustrated in Fig. 29, where error
vector magnitudes are 11.99%, 9.79%, 5.35%, and 2% for
FSK, QPSK, GMSK, and π/4-DQPSK modulations at different
data rates of 5 Mb/s, 20 Mb/s, 1 Mb/s, and 800 kb/s
[139]. The PIDI based transmitter owns the potential to
ensure efficient UWB communications.
Figure 26. Localization module circuits [37] © 2008 IEEE.
G. UWB TRX for Recognition on Gaits
and Vital Signs
Besides communications and precise localization, integrated
UWB transceivers can be used for accurate multimodal
radar sensing with high resolution. Early UWB
radars were mainly used for high-quality imaging leveraging
the wide bandwidth property. Furthermore, a
template generator is used to implement demodulation,
which relaxes the design complexity of the constituent
ADC as the operating frequency is decreased after demodulation
[35]-[37]. The related researches have been
presented in [35]-[58].
Indoor localization or positioning is generally realized
Figure 27. Measured two-way ranging [37] © 2008 IEEE.
based on a system with mobile objects carrying a tag. The
corresponding positions are ensured and tracked based
on single or multiple stationary readers. There is a strong
demand for localization from various industry sectors. Currently,
the logistics sector used for localization can provide
better than 3-m positioning accuracy in highly cluttered environments
such as factories, warehouses, and so on. [113].
Existing commercial solutions such as Ubisense UWB tags
can operate robustly to realize precise localization based
on the time difference of arrival (TDOA) and angle of arrival
FSK Data
PIDI Synthesizer
Pulse
Shaping
(FPGA)
∆ΣM
Vinj (0)
Phase
Swapper
Hybrid FIR
φ0-11
Vinj (0-7)
DLL
ILRO
6-bit
Cap Bank
VDD
Figure 28. Block diagram of the multimode multichannel TX for PSK modulation [139] © 2013 IEEE.
60
IEEE CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS MAGAZINE
FIRST QUARTER 2022
ILO
PSK
Data
PA
Matching
Network
On-Chip
Antenna
Rc_clk
XTAL
OSC
Tx_clk
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