IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine - Q3 2022 - 32

oscillator that generates a 2 MHz sinusoidal wave, which
is then fed forward to a modified Class-E power amplifier
(PA). The modified Class-E PA consists of a radio
frequency (RF) power MOSFET (M1, i.e., RD16HHF1,
Mitsubishi), a shunt capacitor (C12), and a modified
series LC network (Fig. 12(a)). The modified series LC
network, which is tuned to the resonant
frequency
of 2 MHz to achieve a constant current from the supply,
comprises a transmitting coil (L1) and a capacitor
network. The capacitor network has two segments: a
series capacitor segment (C13-C15) and a parallel capacitor
segment. The series capacitor segment serves
as a voltage divider of the output voltage. The parallel
capacitor segment has two shunt varactors (Cj11, Cj12)
in parallel with a normal capacitor (C15) to increase
the total (variable) capacitance. In addition, at the
output of the transmitting coil, a voltage divider (R13,
VDD
RS1
RS2
S1 S2
MS1 MS2
R2
RSn
R4 R5
Sn
M5
MSn
PWM1
PWM2′
M6
M14
M3
R3
M4
M17
Rdis
Passitive CB
(a)
M16
IMP_CTL
ADC10
dc Impedance Extraction
M7
PWM1′
M12
NS+
ETI and Tissue Model
REL RTISS REL
CM
CEL
ϕ
CB
CEL
PWM2′
M13
NS-
PWM1′
M9
M15
PWM2
M8
R6
M10
M11
R8 R7
R14), a rectifier with a fast-recovery rectifying diode (D11,
i.e., MBR0530, Motorola, Chicago, IL, USA), a LPF (C16,
C17), and an RF choke (RFC12) are cascaded to reverse
bias the shunt varactors. The principle of the DFAICL is
that when the distance between the two coils decreases,
the capacitance of the shunt varactors decreases, resulting
in a decrease in the net capacitance of the modified
series LC network, which compensates for the increase in
the mutual inductance (or comparable, reduces the resonant
frequency so that it becomes lower than 2MHz). As a
result, the output power at the upper splitting frequency
(which is close to 2MHz) is nearly maximal. Therefore,
the DFAICL can automatically track the maximum output
power at the resonant frequency. Fig. 12(b) shows the
transmitter of the DFAICL with its discrete components.
Fig. 13 shows the output voltage (magnitude) at the transmitting
coil (Mag. Tx Voltage) of both the DFAICL and the
VAA
(b)
Figure 11. The SRA-PG. (a) Circuit. (b) Generated pulse.
32
IEEE CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS MAGAZINE
THIRD QUARTER 2022

IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine - Q3 2022

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine - Q3 2022

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IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine - Q3 2022 - Cover1
IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine - Q3 2022 - Cover2
IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine - Q3 2022 - Contents
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