IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine - Q4 2022 - 13

Table 2.
Survey of TTD implementations at BB.
JSSC'17
[19]
Method
Arch.
# FE elements
Domain
Combiner
Freq. (GHz)
BW (MHz)
Delay Range
(ns)
Resolution
(ns)
Area (mm2)
Power (mW)
IC tech. (nm)
CT (Gm-C)
-
-
Voltage
-
-
2000
1.7
0.01
0.6
112-364
CMOS
(130)
JSSC'15
[15]
CT (GmC)
MISO
4
Voltage
OTA
1~2.5
1500
0.55
0.013
0.07
360
CMOS
(140)
TCAS-1'19
[22]
DT
(Swit
Cap)
MIMO
4
Charge
OTA
0~0.1
100
15
0.005
0.57
47b
CMOS
(65)
ISSCC'20
[23]
DT (Swit
Cap)
MISO
4
Time
VTCa
1.25~1.75
500
1
0.015
0.31
40
CMOS
(65)
SSCL'20
[24]
DT (Swit
Cap)
MISO
4
Charge
Passive
0.6~4
800
5
0.035
0.13c
122c
CMOS
(28)
a Series beamforming. b includes non-uniform sampling generator. c includes 4-element RF front-end. D without pads.
followed by details on hardware implementation and
experimental validation of TTD SSP.
IV. Rainbow Beam-Training Using
Discrete-Time TTD SSP
This section describes the design of TTD array parameters,
which enable a training codebook of frequencydependent
beams to be synthesized. We also explain
the
corresponding frequency-domain digital
signal
processing (DSP) algorithm [61]. We further discuss the
practical aspects of TTD beam training including the
sensitivity to hardware impairments, power allocation
and the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) problem
in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)
systems, and achievable beam training distance.
A. Introduction to Rainbow Beam-Training
for mmW PAAs
Recent work on mmW and sub-THz beam-training has
been focused on minimizing the required overhead
using frequencydependent beam steering/combining
[13], [51], [61], [74], [76]. The main idea is to leverage
different antenna architectures that can synthesize
Fourth quartEr 2022
Figure 9. BB ttd with (a) Lo, and (b) BB phase shifting.
rainbow beams to probe the entire angular range
simultaneously. Each rainbow beam is associated
with a different frequency, thus, information of the
best steering/combining direction is embedded in
the signal spectrum and it can be obtained through
simple frequencydomain DSP. In [74], the authors
proposed to use leaky wave antenna (LWA) for a single-shot
AoA estimation. In [75], a delay-phase array
architecture was proposed for fast beam tracking
with rainbow beams at THz frequencies. TTD array
architectures in [13] implemented delay elements in
IEEE cIrcuIts and systEms magazInE
13
ESSCIRC'21
[26]
MISO
4
Charge
OTA
28
800
3.8
0.003
1.98
29
CMOS
(65)
JSSC ' 2 0
[20]
DT (Swit Cap) Digital BB
MIMO
16
Digital
Adder
1
100
7.5
0.25
0.29d
453
CMOS
(40)

IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine - Q4 2022

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