IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine - Q1 2023 - 1

Circuits
and Systems
IEEE
MAGAZINE
Volume 23, Number 1
First Quarter 2023
Features
12 Structural Robustness of Complex Networks:
A Survey of A Posteriori Measures
Yang Lou, Lin Wang, and Guanrong Chen
Network robustness is critical for various industrial and social networks against malicious attacks,
which has various meanings in different research contexts and here it refers to the ability of a network
to sustain its functionality when a fraction of the network fail to work due to attacks. The rapid
development of complex networks research indicates special interest and great concern about the
network robustness, which is essential for further analyzing and optimizing network structures towards
engineering applications. This comprehensive survey distills the important findings and developments
of network robustness research, focusing on the a posteriori structural robustness measures for
single-layer static networks. Specifically, the a posteriori robustness measures are reviewed from four
perspectives: 1) network functionality, including connectivity, controllability and communication ability,
as well as their extensions; 2) malicious attacks, including conventional and computation-based
attack strategies; 3) robustness estimation methods using either analytical approximation or machine
learning-based prediction; 4) network robustness optimization. Based on the existing measures, a
practical threshold of network destruction is introduced, with the suggestion that network robustness
should be measured only before reaching the threshold of destruction. Then, a posteriori and a priori
measures are compared experimentally, revealing the advantages of the a posteriori measures. Finally,
prospective research directions with respect to a posteriori robustness measures are recommended.
36 Modeling and Simulation Challenges and
IMAGE COURTESY OF SIDNEY MCLEAN
Solutions in Cooling Systems for Nanoscale
Integrated Circuits
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Federico Terraneo, Alberto Leva, William Fornaciari, and David Atienza
The power density in modern Integrated Circuits (ICs) is tremendous. For example, MultiProcessor
Systems-on-Chip (MPSoCs) nowadays undergo temperature swings of 40 degrees in
100 milliseconds or less, with rapidly emerging and vanishing sub-millimeter hot spots. As such,
not only a simulation-based cooling assessment is vital, but one has to simulate the on-chip thermal
phenomena jointly with the heat dissipation system - historically, a challenge. In recent years,
however, the idea of coupling traditional 3D chip simulators with heat dissipation models written in
Equation-Based Modeling (EBM) languages has proven to be a game changer. EBM languages
allow one to compose a model by assembling components described in terms of Differential and
Algebraic Equations (DAE) and have the simulation code generated automatically. In this article,
we take a tutorial viewpoint on the matter just sketched, to put the reader in the position of exploiting
the above technology. We also present the first nucleus of a model library for cooling systems,
that we release as free software for the scientific and engineering community.
57 Sweet Streams Are Made of This: The System
Engineer's View on Energy Efficiency
in Video Communications
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MCAS.2023.3256355
FIRST QUARTER 2023
Christian Herglotz, Matthias Kränzler, Robert Schober, and André Kaup
In recent years, the global use of online video services has increased rapidly. Today, a manifold of
applications, such as video streaming, video conferencing, live broadcasting, and social networks,
make use of this technology. A recent study found that the development and the success of these
services had as a consequence that, nowadays, more than 1% of the global greenhouse-gas
emissions are related to online video, with growth rates close to 10% per year. This article reviews
the latest findings concerning energy consumption of online video from the system engineer's perspective,
where the system engineer is the designer and operator of a typical online video service.
We discuss all relevant energy sinks, highlight dependencies with quality-of-service variables as
well as video properties, review energy consumption models for different devices from the literature,
and aggregate these existing models into a global model for the overall energy consumption
of a generic online video service. Analyzing this model and its implications, we find that end-user
devices and video encoding have the largest potential for energy savings. Finally, we provide an
overview of recent advances in energy efficiency improvement for video streaming and propose
future research directions for energy-efficient video streaming services.
IEEE CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS MAGAZINE
1

IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine - Q1 2023

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