IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine - Q1 2023 - 72

Table 7.
Parameters for online video energy consumption and their influence on the energy consumption of end-user devices,
video providers' DCs, and transmission networks.
End-user
Parameter
Hardware setup and configuration
Software setup and configuration
Network and configuration (wireless,
wired, ...)
Number of uploaded videos ∑σ |Rs,VP,σ,Rx|
Number of provided videos
|Rs,VP,σ,trans| ⋅ ∑r |Vs,VP,σ,trans,r|
Number of streaming requests
∑d |Rs,UT,d|
Number of servers in CDN |∑s|
Bitrate and file size of a requested
video b, B
Duration of a video t
Other video properties (resolution,
frame rate, bit depth, codec)
Brightness of the end-user display
Terminals (UT)
Tx
√
√
√
√
-
-
-
√
√
√
-
Rx
√
√
√
-
-
√
-
√
√
√
√
Networks
(NW)
√
√
v
√
√
√
√
√
-
-
-
Rx
√
√
√
√
-
-
-
√
√
-
-
Video Providers (VP)
transcode
√
√
-
√
√
-
-
√
√
√
-
copy
√
√
√
√
√
-
√
√
√
-
-
store
√
√
-
√
√
-
√
√
√
-
-
Tx
√
√
√
-
-
√
-
√
√
-
-
Table 8.
Past research in the field of energy-efficient video
streaming solutions.
System
Smartphone
Camera
Decoder
Encoder
CDN
Mobile Networks
Attribute
UT
UT
UT
VP
VP
NW
References
[16], [51], [53], [85]
[55], [56], [58]
[48], [86], [87], [88]
[18], [66], [67], [69],
[73]
[17], [39], [40], [63]
[37], [89], [90]
indicated in Section IV-B. For this, all three components
(end-user devices, transmission networks, and providerside
servers) could be considered simultaneously and
variable parameters such as the video properties, the
number of provided videos, and the construction of the
CDN could be optimized. In terms of video properties,
parameters such as the bitrate, the target visual quality,
the encoder implementation as well as configuration,
the codecs, the resolution, and the frame rate could be
considered. These examples show the high potential
and need for further research targeting energy efficiency
in online video, which is essential for sustainable deployment
of online video technology in the future.
72
IEEE CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS MAGAZINE
V. Conclusion
This article has given an overview of the energy consumption
of online video services, where links to
greenhouse gas emissions causing climate change
were established. In this regard, as a first contribution,
we reviewed the current knowledge and recent
research targeting the energy consumption analysis
and energy modeling of online video systems. Subsequently,
we constructed an energy model for online
video services, which is a helpful design tool for understanding
and optimizing the greenhouse gas emissions
caused by a video streaming system. Finally, we
discussed the implications of the developed model
and provided directions for future research, which
shall, e.g., target the holistic optimization of video
streaming services by taking into account, among
others, the expected number of users, the choice of
the encoder, or the structure of a content delivery
network.
Appendix A
Overview of Parameters and Sets for
Energy Modeling
This appendix provides an overview of all parameters
employed in the proposed energy model. Table 9 lists
all sets (end-user devices, servers, end-user requests,
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