Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 22
Category I ('Sheep')
Category II ('Goat')
Category III ('Wolf') and Category IV ('Lamp')
Control
Traveler Who is an ImpersonatorMean and the Standard
Type-I
Traveler Who is Not a Traveler Whose Genuine Score
Impersonated Pair: An Imposter Score
Deviation of the Scores.
Detector 'Goat' or a 'Wolf/Lamb'. is Below the 2.5th Percentile.
that is Above the 97.5th Percentile.
Type-II
Traveler Who is Not a Traveler with the Lowest
Detector 'Goat' or a 'Wolf/Lamb'. Genuine Scores.
Traveler Who is an ImpersonatorImpersonated Pair. They're Members
with the Highest Imposter Scores.
Percentile Quantity and
the Order of Scores.
If the Percentage of Population Being
Impersonated ≥ T, then Traveler is
Threshold Value (T =
If
the
FRR
at
Zero-FAR
≥
T,
Type-III
Traveler Who is Not a
Considered a 'Wolf'.
0.5, 0.4 or 0.3 Values
then
the
Traveler
is
Considered
Detector 'Goat', 'Wolf, or' Lamb'.
Depending on Choice).
a 'Goat'.
If the FAR at Zero-FRR ≥ T, then
the Traveler is Considered a 'Lamb'.
figure 2 three types of doddington detectors for watchlist technology.
Doddington's detectors are based on the following metrics
[57], [60]: error counts (using FRR and FAR, useful for the
fixed match score threshold); score level (sensitive to dynamical
changes of the watchlist); ranks (how often a traveler is
returned among the top ranked results); and mean scores.
Given the watchlist, the stored data dynamically changes
via updating mechanisms (Figure 1), and therefore, Doddington's landscape changes too. With regards to the high variability of the data structure and biometric traits of both the
unknown traveler and the watchlist, Figure 2 provides some
general recommendations regarding the choice of the detector
type using the criteria of the control parameters of Doddington's landscape.
Consider three states of the watchlist life cycle modeled by
three different databases, FRGC v2.0 (Face Recognition Grand
Challenge; version 2.0, a total of 50000 recordings with 4007
subject sessions, in this set we used 39328 images of 487 subjects taken under both controlled and uncontrolled illumination) [61], ORL (Cambridge University database; 400
grey-scale images of 40 subjects) [62], and LFW (Labeled Faces
in the Wild; 13233 images of unconstrained web photos with
two or more distinct photos of 1680 subjects) [63]. Let us use
the Type-II Doddington's detector and compute the genuine
and imposter mean score for these states. The results are reported in Table 3 using the mean (μ) and deviation ( v ) metrics.
The key conclusion is that the performance of the watchlist
varies widely due to the high variability of genuine and
imposter scores.
D. Analysis and Comparisons
In our experiment, we used both the FRGC V2.0 [61], ORL
[62], and the LFW [63] databases. Five different classifications
of Doddington's categories were performed using the commercial package VERILOOK based on a neural network platform.
The results for each strategy are shown in Table 4:
Using the Type-I detector (first lines in Table 4), the 'Goats'
are not detected. As well, every traveler is placed in one of the
categories, regardless of whether he/she is on/off the watchlist.
Table 3 Dynamic properties of the watchlist: The genuine and imposter mean (μ) and standard deviation ( v ) scores for
Doddington's categories using different databases: FRGC Database (Top), ORL Database (Center), and LFW Database (Bottom).
CaTegories
frgc
orl
lfW
22
genuine sCore
imPosTer sCore
ng
vg
ni
vi
'sheep'
193.9329
115.0477
1.4103
0.5000
'goat'
92.0977
38.2766
1.1553
0.3089
'Wolf/lamb'
228.2154
101.0328
2.4586
0.7439
total
190.7298
114.3759
1.4383
0.5456
'sheep'
318.1907
159.0213
11.2094
4.8071
'goat'
111.7111
54.5101
10.1205
3.7548
'Wolf/lamb'
411.7667
118.3775
21.4121
3.4903
total
315.3468
160.4357
11.4390
5.0206
'sheep'
29.2691
21.0511
6.8675
1.5895
'goat'
0.0000
0.0000
4.8292
2.3482
'Wolf/lamb'
27.7350
20.0015
10.7873
0.3865
total
28.6454
26.5067
6.8799
1.7803
Ieee ComputatIonal IntellIgenCe magazIne | February 2017
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of Computational Intelligence - February 2017
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - Cover1
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - Cover2
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 1
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 2
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 3
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 4
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 5
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 6
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 7
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 8
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 9
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 10
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 11
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 12
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 13
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 14
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 15
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 16
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 17
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 18
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 19
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 20
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 21
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 22
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 23
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 24
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 25
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 26
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 27
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 28
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 29
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 30
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 31
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 32
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 33
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 34
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 35
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 36
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 37
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 38
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 39
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 40
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 41
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 42
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 43
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 44
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 45
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 46
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 47
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 48
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 49
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 50
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 51
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 52
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 53
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 54
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 55
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - 56
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - Cover3
Computational Intelligence - February 2017 - Cover4
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computationalintelligence_202311
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computationalintelligence_202308
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computationalintelligence_202305
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computationalintelligence_202302
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computationalintelligence_202211
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computationalintelligence_202208
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computationalintelligence_202205
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computationalintelligence_202202
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computationalintelligence_202111
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computationalintelligence_202108
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computationalintelligence_202105
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computationalintelligence_202102
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computationalintelligence_202011
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computationalintelligence_202008
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computationalintelligence_202005
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computationalintelligence_202002
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computationalintelligence_201911
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computationalintelligence_201908
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computationalintelligence_201905
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computationalintelligence_201902
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computationalintelligence_201811
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computationalintelligence_201808
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computationalintelligence_201805
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computationalintelligence_201802
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computational_intelligence_winter17
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computational_intelligence_fall17
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computational_intelligence_summer17
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computational_intelligence_spring17
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computational_intelligence_winter16
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computational_intelligence_fall16
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computational_intelligence_summer16
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computational_intelligence_spring16
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computational_intelligence_winter15
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computational_intelligence_fall15
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computational_intelligence_summer15
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computational_intelligence_spring15
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computational_intelligence_winter14
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computational_intelligence_fall14
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computational_intelligence_summer14
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computational_intelligence_spring14
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computational_intelligence_winter13
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computational_intelligence_fall13
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computational_intelligence_summer13
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computational_intelligence_spring13
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computational_intelligence_winter12
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computational_intelligence_fall12
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com