IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 91

FCm
FCm
FC2
FCm
FC2
÷
T2
T10
÷
- T10 T5
÷
T7 T13
(a)
T7
÷
FC2
÷
F8
÷ T10 T2 T5
×
T5 T9
F1
F7
F8
+
F1 F12
(b)
-
-
-
F8 F1
TF7 TF28
+
÷
TF3 TF17 TF2 TF28
(c)
FIGURE 12 Example trees evolved by MFCGPE on the NCEPU dataset. (a) Best tree obtained under View1 (b) Best tree obtained under View2 (c)
Best tree obtained under View3.
View2, and View3 are 5, 7, and 3, respectively,
which indicates that MFCGPE
can adaptively evolve the optimal variable-length
models with the use of the
time-domain, frequency-domain,
time&frequency-domain characteristics
of vibration signals. The above analysis
shows that MFCGPE has the ability to
learn effective and diverse features from
multi-view input features to capture different
patterns of the vibration signal,
which is beneficial in describing data
characteristics comprehensively.
B. Visualization of the GP-Constructed
Features
To better demonstrate that the evolved
models/trees shown in Figure 12 are
effective for fault diagnosis, the original
features and the newly constructed features
are visualized for comparisons. The
features of the samples in the test set are
visualized by using t-distributed stochastic
neighbor embedding (t-SNE) [59]
method. Figure 13 shows the visualization
results, where six colored points
represent six running conditions of the
rolling bearing, i.e., normal (NOR),
inner ring fault (IRF), outer ring fault
(ORF), rolling element fault (REF),
inner & outer ring compound fault
(IOCF), and rolling element & outer
ring compound fault (
ROCF).
F12
F5
-
F5
×
-
-
F5 F5
-
F11
×
-
FCm
FC2
×
F5
View1
View2
View3
(a)
View1
View2
View3
NOR IRF ORF REF IOCF ROCF
(b)
FIGURE 13 Feature visualization on the NCEPU dataset using t-SNE. (a) Original features
(b) GP constructed features.
As shown in Figure 13(a), using the
original features of View1 for visualization,
the points in different classes are all
overlapping; when using the original
features of View2 and View3 for visualization,
the points in the NOR class are
clustered separately, but the points in
other classes are also overlapping. These
visualization results indicate that the
original features of vibration signals in
different running conditions cannot
effectively separate the fault types into
different classes to achieve a high diagnostic
accuracy. As shown in Figure 13(b),
AUGUST 2021 | IEEE COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE MAGAZINE 91

IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021

Contents
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - Cover1
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - Cover2
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - Contents
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 2
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 3
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 4
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 5
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 6
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 7
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 8
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 9
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 10
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 11
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 12
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 13
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 14
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 15
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 16
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 17
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 18
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 19
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 20
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 21
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 22
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 23
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 24
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 25
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 26
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 27
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 28
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 29
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 30
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 31
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 32
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 33
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 34
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 35
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 36
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 37
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 38
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 39
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 40
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 41
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 42
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 43
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 44
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 45
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 46
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 47
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 48
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 49
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 50
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 51
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 52
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 53
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 54
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 55
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 56
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 57
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 58
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 59
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 60
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 61
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 62
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 63
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 64
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 65
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 66
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 67
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 68
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 69
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 70
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 71
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 72
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 73
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 74
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 75
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 76
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 77
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 78
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 79
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 80
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 81
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 82
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 83
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 84
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 85
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 86
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 87
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 88
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 89
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 90
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 91
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 92
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 93
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 94
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 95
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - 96
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - Cover3
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - August 2021 - Cover4
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computationalintelligence_202311
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computationalintelligence_202308
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computationalintelligence_202305
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computationalintelligence_202302
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computationalintelligence_202211
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computationalintelligence_202208
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computationalintelligence_202205
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computationalintelligence_202202
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computationalintelligence_202111
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computationalintelligence_202108
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computationalintelligence_202105
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computationalintelligence_202102
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computationalintelligence_202011
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computationalintelligence_202008
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computationalintelligence_202005
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computationalintelligence_202002
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computationalintelligence_201911
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computationalintelligence_201908
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computationalintelligence_201905
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computationalintelligence_201902
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computationalintelligence_201811
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computationalintelligence_201808
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computationalintelligence_201805
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computationalintelligence_201802
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computational_intelligence_winter17
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computational_intelligence_fall17
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computational_intelligence_summer17
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computational_intelligence_spring17
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computational_intelligence_winter16
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computational_intelligence_fall16
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computational_intelligence_summer16
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computational_intelligence_spring16
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computational_intelligence_winter15
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computational_intelligence_fall15
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computational_intelligence_summer15
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computational_intelligence_spring15
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computational_intelligence_winter14
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computational_intelligence_fall14
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computational_intelligence_summer14
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computational_intelligence_spring14
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computational_intelligence_winter13
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computational_intelligence_fall13
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computational_intelligence_summer13
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computational_intelligence_spring13
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computational_intelligence_winter12
https://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ieee/computational_intelligence_fall12
https://www.nxtbookmedia.com