IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - November 2021 - 91

contrary, as illustrated in Fig. 9 for G = 1
the final lengths of the genome observed
are slightly shorter than in previous cases,
especially for K > 0. Similar results are
observed for G = 20 (not shown).
Further investigation of the final
genome length achieved with respect to
the reduction and increase functions relative
probabilities is performed. The results
are provided in Fig. 10. The case for G = 1
is investigated with probabilities of the
genome reduction function in the range
of 0 to 0.5 (and the increase with complementary
probabilities). It can be concluded
that as the probability of reduction
increases, the final genome length
decreases at an almost steady rate. However,
the decrease of the final genome length
is not that significant, i.e., for N = 20 it is
roughly one gene, whereas for N = 100 it
is two genes for each case of K.
The findings described in this section
are now used to inform explorations of
novel types of NP-based cancer treatment,
where the number of NP types is
not pre-determined. As there is no trivial
way of accurately determining the
ruggedness of the real problem fitness
landscape (the corresponding N and K
combination of the NK model), the
increasing interval of genome length
will be studied for more gradual
genome growth (as with the case of
G = 1). This is due to the fact that G = 1
case provides a good starting point to
study the observation made earlier; as
G increases, the resultant new fitness
landscape bears less analogies to the previous
fitness landscape.
IV PhysiCell
The high computational capacity of
modern systems enables the incorporation
of detailed mathematical models
in the study of biological processes,
N = 20
N = 20
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
5
K
(a)
N = 100
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
5
K
(c)
10
15
100
200
300
400
500
5
K
(d)
FIGURE 6 (a, c) Average fitness values at 20000 generation steps for different K and N values (maximum and minimum values are indicated by
vertical bars). (b, d) Average genome length values (maximum and minimum values are indicated by vertical bars) for increasing functionality by
twenty genes (G = 20).
10
15
10
15
100
150
200
250
300
50
5
K
(b)
N = 100
10
15
NOVEMBER 2021 | IEEE COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE MAGAZINE 91
Fitness
Fitness
Length N′
Length N′

IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - November 2021

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