IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - November 2021 - 92

along with laboratory experiments.
More specifically, the study of cancer
biology is the epicenter of many mathematical
models [25], [26] that aim to
be powerful tools in the hands of scientists.
One of these models is PhysiCell
[21], which is an agent-based,
multicellular, open source simulator
emulating physics and biological rules
in interactions between cells. Moreover,
PhysiCell utilizes BioFVM [22]
to emulate the secretion, diffusion and
uptake of chemical substances in the
simulated area.
Employing PhysiCell as a target simulator
for optimization was previously
proposed in problems of designing NPbased
drug delivery systems [27]-[30] or
unveiling cancer immunotherapies [31].
The design of NPs was investigated
through surrogate-assisted [27], haploiddiploid
[28], differential evolution [29]
and novelty search [30] evolutionary
algorithms, while the most effective
immunotherapy for cancer tumors was
examined through a combination of
active learning and EAs [31].
×104
N = 20
2
1.5
1
0.5
5
K
(a)
Length G = 20
Fitness G = 0
10
15
Length G=20
Fitness G=0
Fitness G=20
2
1.5
1
0.5
5
K
(b)
Fitness G = 20
FIGURE 7 Average time when the fittest individual is discovered and when the corresponding genome length is reached for combinations of N
and K, and the case of G = 20.
10
15
Length G=20
Fitness G=0
Fitness G=20
×104
N = 100
N = 20
N = 100
10
20
30
40
50
60
5
K
(a)
10
15
First
Second
10
20
30
40
50
60
5
K
(b)
FIGURE 8 Average waiting time in generation steps for each interval increase for combinations of N and K, and the case of G = 20.
10
15
First
Second
Third
92 IEEE COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE MAGAZINE | NOVEMBER 2021
Generation
Generation
Generation
Generation

IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - November 2021

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