IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - November 2021 - 96

10 tests, solutions converge to 8 types (as
illustrated in Fig. 15). Following behaviors
observed in the NK model, as
shown in Fig. 13(b), evolution typically
adds genes (types of NPs) quite fast,
while later slowly optimizing the best
composition of NPs types. Similar
behavior is observed in all instances
(Fig. 15).
To explore the effect of the added
sequence (G) size variation, in the next
experiments we allow mutation to add
two new NPs types. This process reaches
similar fitness results as the addition of
one type of NPs per mutation event, as
observed in Figs. 16 (example run) and
17 (average of 10 runs). The average fitness
of the population for the example
run, portrayed in Fig. 16(a), converges to
c. 445 agents. That implies an improvement
of c. 53.1%, compared with the
Average Fitness of Population.
Best Individual Fitness of a Population.
1,000
400
600
800
020406080 100 120 140 160 180 200
Generations
(a)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
20 11
6
3
1
5
7
7
10
9
1
7
8
4
1
2
7
8
3
4
5
1,000
1
400
600
800
3
44 6
55 66 66
020406080 100 120 140 160 180 200
Generations
(b)
Evolution of Number of NPs
2
6
7
1
11 12 12 11
9
8
8
3
1
020406080 100 120 140 160 180 200
Generations
(c)
FIGURE 13 Results from example run of the EA with variable-length genome. (a) Evolution of average fitness of the population, (b) evolution of the
best individual in the population (where numbers indicate the number of types NPs) and (c) composition of population in terms of types of NPs.
Average Fitness of Population.
Best Individual Fitness of a Population.
1,000
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
020406080 100 120 140 160 180 200
Generations
(a)
1,000
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
020406080 100 120 140 160 180 200
Generations
(b)
FIGURE 14 Average and confidence levels (95%) results from 10 runs of EA with variable-length genome. (a) Evolution of average fitness of the
population, (b) evolution of the best individual in the population.
96 IEEE COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE MAGAZINE | NOVEMBER 2021
Average Fitness of Population
Average Fitness of Population
Types of NPs
Best Fitness of Population
Best Fitness of Population

IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine - November 2021

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