IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - July 2018 - 67
ledger. The transaction data will be signed using the private key
of each user to ensure the authentication of the data's origin and
nonrepudiation. "Hashing" is then applied to confirm the integrity of the transaction data, i.e., that it has not been modified.
With the addition of timestamps, hashing certifies the message's validity. All of the hash blocks are transmitted to the
nodes, which jointly maintain the same ledgers. Ledgers are
public and open for verification; the public keys of users can be
employed to examine whether they have been modified.
A BLOCKCHAIN FOR HEALTH-CARE SYSTEMS
In this section, we present an architecture of health-care systems for data transmission, as shown in Figure 2, which
focuses on collecting user data from each node, e.g., the
health-care institute or the sensor. As shown in this example,
user A (u a) goes to a hospital, which is node A (n a) .
▼ Step 1: User u a has a wearable device or sensor to conduct
identity verification against node n a; when the verification
is successful, privacy protection is triggered to protect user
u a's data.
▼ Step 2: When node n a demands more medical information
from user u a, node n a will broadcast a request message to
the other nodes in the same blockchain to collect the medical records from these different hospitals.
▼ Step 3: After the node has received the request message
from node n a, and if it has the medical record of user u a, it
will send this information back to node n a . Then node n a
will have the complete medical record of user u a, which
will be help the doctor make a diagnosis and administer treatment.
According to the general data protection regulation [10],
there are two principals concerning medical information:
1) Prior to processing personal information, one must obtain
unambiguous consent from the involved party.
2) One must provide a customized information protection
measure for the purpose of privacy protection.
The application of a blockchain in a health-care system typically has to satisfy the security needs of identity authentication,
Prior to processing personal
information, one must obtain
unambiguous consent from
the involved party.
message integrity, nonrepudiation, and privacy. This study
employs public-key cryptography and bilinear pairing in blockchain architecture to accomplish network security. We also conduct performance and pros-and-cons analyses. To simplify the
presentation of the public-key cryptography and bilinear pairing, the following notation is used throughout the rest of the
article (see Table 1).
The Public-Key cryPTograPhy
In this study, we first use the public-key cryptography to establish the health-care system. It assumes that every node and user
have their own public key, private key, and certificate, as shown
in Figure 2. The security-related procedure is as follows:
1) Identity authentication: When user A engages in the
health-care affairs at node A, user A and node A undergo
identity authentication to verify the legitimacy of both
parties. The authentication process is as follows:
- User A transmits a message to node A, encrypting it
using the public key of node A and the private key of
user A, as follows:
PU ID t,n ^PR ID t,u ^ID t, u | | C ID t,u ahh .
a
User A
PU ID t,u ^PR ID t,n ^ID t, n || C ID t,n ahh .
a
a
$whois
(1)
a
(2)
Hospital
Step 2
$whois
Step 2
Step 3
Hospital
Step 1
$whois
a
- Node A transmits a message to user A for identity
authentication. The message is encrypted using the public key of user A and the private key of node A
Hospital
Medical Record
a
Step 2
Node B
Hospital
Node C
Medical Record
$whois
Step 3
Node A
Node D
Step 2
Hospital
Hospital
$whois
$whois
Node G
Step 2
Step 2
Node F
FIgURE 2. An example of the data transmission of a health-care system using a blockchain.
july 2018
^
IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine
67
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