IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - September 2018 - 17

transceivers are available in the market, implemented at low
cost in automotive-qualified CMOS nodes and ensuring 1-km
connectivity. Cellular-V2X links can achieve gigabits/second
data rates using multilayer and fifth-generation (5G) transceivers, operating at tens of gigahertz. A 5G modem was
announced by Intel, although the 5G standard is not frozen,
and guaranteeing a low-latency is an open issue.

CONCLUSIONS
CE is redesigning our cars, which will be automated, connected, and shared. Several challenges have still to be resolved in
terms of integrated technologies for sensing, computation, and
storage. Although for some technologies, e.g., lidar, the cost is
still a bottleneck, for others that are common in CE, such as
MEMS sensors or NVM data storage, the main issues are
noise/bias performance and reliability when operating in harsh
environments. Reaching high safety and security levels is also
an open issue for computing platforms. While the state-of-theart MCU market is dominated by 32-bit architectures, new
self-driving services need the development of multicore AI
supercomputers with TFLOPS capability.

ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Francesco Pieri (f.pieri@unipi.it) is an assistant professor at
Pisa University, Italy.
Cristian Zambelli (zmbcst@unife.it) is an assistant professor at Ferrara University, Italy.
Andrea Nannini (a.nannini@unipi.it) is a full professor at
Pisa University, Italy.
Piero Olivo (p.olivo@unife.it) is a full professor at Ferrara
University, Italy.
Sergio Saponara (s.saponara@unipi.it) is a full professor
at Pisa University, Italy.

REFERENCES
[1] B. Markwalter, "The path to driverless cars," IEEE Consum. Electron.
Mag., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 125-126, Apr. 2017.
[2] S. Applin, "Autonomous vehicle ethics: Stock or custom?" IEEE
Consum. Electron. Mag., vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 108-110, July 2017.
[3] B. Frankston, "An alien drove my car: A cabbie from Mars?" IEEE
Consum. Electron. Mag., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 106-107, Apr. 2017.
[4] W. Lumpkins, "Driverless cars and driverless vacuums: Will the madness never end?" IEEE Consum. Electron. Mag., vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 88-91,
Oct. 2014.
[5] A. Munir, "Safety assessment and design of dependable cybercars:
For today and the future," IEEE Consum. Electron. Mag., vol. 6, no. 2,
pp. 69-77, Apr. 2017.
[6] R. Thakur, "Scanning LIDAR in advanced driver assistance systems and beyond: Building a road map for next-generation LIDAR
technology," IEEE Consum. Electron. Mag., vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 48-54,
July 2016.
[7] P. Groves, Principles of GNSS, Inertial, and Multisensor Integrated
Navigation Systems. London: Artech House, 2008.
[8] J. Collin, "MEMS IMU carouseling for ground vehicles," IEEE
Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 64, no. 6, pp. 2242-2251, June 2015.
[9] Y. Thong, M. Woolfson, J. Crowe, B. Hayes-Gill, and R. Challis,
"Dependence of inertial measurements of distance on accelerometer
noise," Meas. Sci. Technol., vol. 13, no. 8, p. 301, Aug. 2002.
[10] S. Dellea, F. Giacci, A. F. Longoni, and G. Langfelder, "In-plane
and out-of-plane MEMS gyroscopes based on piezoresistive NEMS

detection," J. Microelectromechanical Syst., vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 1817-
1826, Dec. 2015.
[11] J. Cho, J. A. Gregory, and K. Najafi, "High-Q, 3kHz single-crystalsilicon cylindrical rate-integrating Gyro (CING)," in Proc. IEEE 25th Int.
Conf. Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS), 2012, pp. 172-175.
[12] P. E. Ross. (2016, Nov.). Osram's laser chip for lidar promises supershort pulses in a smaller package. IEEE Spectr. [Online]. Available: https://
spectrum.ieee.org/cars-that-think/transportation/sensors/osrams-laser-chipfor-lidar-promises-supershort-pulses-in-a-smaller-package
[13] E. Ackerman. (2016, Jan.). Quanergy announces $250 solid-state
LIDAR for cars, robots, and more. IEEE Spectr. [Online]. Available:
https://spectrum.ieee.org/cars-that-think/transportation/sensors/quanergysolid-state-lidar
[14] A. Frangi, A. Guerrieri, R. Carminati, and G. Mendicino, "Parametric resonance in electrostatically actuated micromirrors," IEEE Trans.
Ind. Electron., vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 1544-1551, Feb. 2017.
[15] U. Hofmann, M. Aikio, J. Janes, F. Senger, V. Stenchly, J. Hagge,
H.-J. Quenzer, M. Weiss, T. von Wantoch, C. Mallas, B. Wagner, and W.
Benecke, "Resonant biaxial 7-mm MEMS mirror for omnidirectional
scanning," J. Micro/Nanolithography, MEMS, MOEMS, vol. 13, no. 1,
p. 11,103, Dec. 2013.
[16] S. Holmstrom, U. Baran, and H. Urey, "MEMS laser scanners: A
review," J. Microelectromechanical Syst., vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 259-275,
Apr. 2014.
[17] A. Yalcinkaya, H. Urey, D. Brown, T. Montague, and R. Sprague,
"Two-axis electromagnetic microscanner for high resolution displays,"
J. Microelectromechanical Syst., vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 786-794, Aug.
2006.
[18] H.-J. Quenzer, S. Gu-Stoppel, F. Stoppel, J. Janes, U. Hofmann, and
W. Benecke, "Piezoelectrically driven translatory optical MEMS actuator
with 7mm apertures and large displacements," in Proc. Int. Society for
Optics and Photonics, 2015.
[19] R. Micheloni, L. Crippa, and A. Marelli, Inside NAND Flash Memories. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer-Verlag, 2010.
[20] R. Strenz, "Embedded flash technologies and their applications: Status & outlook," in Proc. Int. Electron Devices Meeting, 2011, pp. 9.4.1-
9.4.4.
[21] T. Coughlin, "The memory of cars," IEEE Consum. Electron. Mag.,
vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 121-125, Oct. 2016.
[22] C. Zambelli and P. Olivo, "Characterization of the over-erase algorithm in FN/FN embedded NOR flash arrays," IEEE Trans. Device
Mater. Rel., vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 529-535, Dec. 2015.
[23] N. Do, "eNVM technologies scaling outlook and emerging NVM
technologies for embedded applications," in Proc. IEEE 8th Int. Memory
Workshop (IMW), 2016, pp. 1-4.
[24] D. J. Wouters, R. Waser, and M. Wuttig, "Phase-change and redoxbased resistive switching memories," Proc. IEEE, vol. 103, no. 8, pp.
1274-1288, Aug. 2015.
[25] R. Gaddi, C. Schepens, C. Smith, C. Zambelli, A. Chimenton, and P.
Olivo, "Reliability and performance characterization of a MEMS-based
non-volatile switch," in Proc. Int. Reliability Physics Symp., 2011, p.
2G.2.1-2G.2.6.
[26] C. Zambelli, G. Navarro, V. Sousa, I. Prejbeanu, and L. Perniola, "Phase change and magnetic memories for solid-state drive applications," Proc. IEEE, vol. 105, no. 9, pp. 1790-1811, Sept. 2017.
[27] A. Grossi, C. Zambelli, P. Olivo, J. Alvarez-Herault, and K. Mackay,
"Reliability and cell-to-cell variability of TAS-MRAM arrays under
cycling conditions," in Proc. 15th Non-Volatile Memory Technology
Symp. (NVMTS), 2015, pp. 1-4.
[28] Intel Corp., "Technology and computing requirements for self-driving cars," Intel Corp., Santa Clara, CA, Tech. Rep. 0514/RH/CMD/PDF,
2016.
[29] S. Saponara, G. Ciarpi, and B. Neri, "System-level modelling/analysis and LNA design in low-cost automotive technology of a V2X wireless transceiver," in Proc. IEEE 3rd Int. Forum on Research and
Technologies for Society and Industry, 2017, pp. 1-5.

september 2018

^

IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine

17
https://spectrum.ieee.org/cars-that-think/transportation/sensors/osrams-laser-chip-for-lidar-promises-supershort-pulses-in-a-smaller-package https://spectrum.ieee.org/cars-that-think/transportation/sensors/osrams-laser-chip-for-lidar-promises-supershort-pulses-in-a-smaller-package https://spectrum.ieee.org/cars-that-think/transportation/sensors/osrams-laser-chip-for-lidar-promises-supershort-pulses-in-a-smaller-package https://spectrum.ieee.org/cars-that-think/transportation/sensors/quanergy-solid-state-lidar https://spectrum.ieee.org/cars-that-think/transportation/sensors/quanergy-solid-state-lidar
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - September 2018
