IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - September 2018 - 20
Surround View
LaneKeeping
System
Park Assist
Automatic Braking
Pedestrian Detection
Collision Avoidance
Park Assist
Cross-Traffic Alert
Adaptive
Cruise
Control
Rear Collision Warning
Blind-Spot
Detection
Traffic Sign
Recognition
Surround
View
Blind-Spot
Detection
Surround View
Long-Range Radar
Lidar
Camera
Short-/Medium-Range Radar
Ultrasonic
FIGURE 1. The state-of-the-art ADAS sensors used.
ADAS
Vision
Monocular
Camera
Stereo
Camera
Lidar
Infrared
Camera
Radar
Ultrasonic
Short-/
Long-Range
Medium-Range
Radar
Radar
PMD
Others
IMUs
GPSs
FIGURE 2. The taxonomy of an ADAS. PMD: photonic mixer device; IMUs: inertial measurement units; GPSs: global positioning systems.
(3-D) information from two or more two-dimensional images
by matching stereo pairs (images from left and right sensors)
and using a disparity map to estimate the relative depth of a
scene. These cameras can be used for a variety of applications,
such as traffic sign recognition, lane, pedestrian, and obstacle
detection as well as distance estimation, with much greater
accuracy compared to monocular cameras.
Stereo systems can be relied upon for accurate distance
(depth) estimation over short distances, up to 30 m. In most
production vehicles with stereo cameras, the cameras are located inside the vehicle, behind the rear-view mirror, angled slightly downward, and facing the road.
IR CAMERAS
There are two main types of IR cameras. Active IR cameras
use a near-IR light source (with wavelengths from 750 to 1,400 nm)
built in the vehicle to illuminate the scene (which cannot be
seen by the human eye) and a standard digital camera sensor to
20 IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine
^
september 2018
capture the reflected light. Passive IR cameras use an IR sensor, where every pixel on the IR sensor can be considered as a
temperature sensor that can capture the thermal radiation emitted by any material. Unlike active IR cameras, passive IR cameras do not require any special illumination of the scene. Still,
popular night-vision solutions mainly use active IR cameras to
assist the driver by displaying video data on a screen during
low light conditions.
LIDAR
Lidar works by firing a laser beam at an object and then measuring the time taken for the light to bounce back to the sensor, to calculate the distance of an object. These systems can
achieve high-resolution 3-D images and operate at longer
ranges than camera systems. Some of the lidar scanners support surround-view sensors (that fire laser beams continuously
in all directions), which can generate a 360° 3-D image of the
surroundings with extremely accurate depth information (as
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - September 2018
Contents
IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - September 2018 - Cover1
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IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - September 2018 - Contents
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IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - September 2018 - Cover3
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