IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - September 2018 - 30

Medical Center
Database

Medical Center

Transmits the Final
Report of the Applicant

Stores the Applicant's
Personal Details

Uploads the Doctor's
Report to the Server

Medical Center
Receptionist

Applicant's
Medical Report

Uploads the Radiology
Report to the Server

Uploads the Pathological
Test Report to the Server

Visits Hospital
for Medical Test

Doctor's Chamber

Pathology Department

Radiology Department

Visa Applicant
The applicant visits each of these departments in the medical center for a health check up.

Encryption
Technique

Digital
Signature

Transmitted to
Embassy

Encrypted
Medical Report

Authorized
Stego Audio

Embedding Using
Steganography

Embassy
Stego Audio

Cover Audio

FIGURE 3. The process for securing a medical-report transfer from a medical center to an embassy.

EMBEDDING USING AUDIO STEGANOGRAPHY
Input
Audio File

Decides the Number
of LSB Layers
Involved in the
Permutation

Normalizes
the Audio
Samples

Embedding
Stego Target Bits
Audio

Arrangement
Selection

Permutation
Process

FIGURE 4. The proposed audio steganography embedding process.

complement arithmetic [16]. Each 3 bits of target data
b 2, b 1, b 0 are 2's complemented as
bl2 bl1 b 0 if b 0 = 1
e 2 e 1 e 0 = * bl2 b 1 b 0 if b 0 = 0 and b 1 = 1,
b 2 b 1 b 0 if b 1 b 0 = 00

n

(2)

where e 2, e 1, and e 0 are three encrypted bits and bl2 and bl1 are
the complements of b 2 and b 1 . For example, if 3 bits are 110,
then its 2's complement is 010.
30 IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine

^

september 2018

The proposed steganography technique hides the encrypted
target bits at randomly chosen least significant bit (LSB) lay-
ers of an audio file. The concept of permutation is used for
this selection. The three bits are embedded on those selected
LSB layers by bit replacement (Figure 4). The security
strength of this technique has achieved the randomness
resulting from permutation and also the random selection of
the arrangements [17].
Permutation is a counting theory approach and can be
defined as "How many ways are 'r' positions chosen from a
class of 'n' positions?" It computes the possible ways in which
a set of things can be ordered or arranged. It can be written
mathematically as
Pr = n # (n - 1) # K (n - r + 1) =

n! .
(n - r) !

(3)

In this article, three possible LSB positions (i.e., r = 3)
among n (n 1 8) possible LSB positions of a cover sample
are chosen accordingly. Suppose n = 5; then, the three (i.e.,
r = 3) LSB positions among five (the selected five are high-
lighted in red in the representation b 16, b 15, b 14 f b 5, b 4, b 3, b 2, b 1)



Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - September 2018

Contents
IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - September 2018 - Cover1
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IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - September 2018 - Contents
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IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - September 2018 - Cover3
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