IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - September 2018 - 31
are chosen for embedding using permutation, giving 60 pos-
sible arrangements as
5
P3 = 5 # (5 - 1) # K (5 - 3 + 1) = 60.
The arrangements 1 2 3, 1 2 4, 1 2 5, ..., 5 4 2, 5 4 3, and so
on are the LSB positions for embedding 3 bits.
This randomness through permutation increases the
robustness of the proposed steganographic technique. The
arrangements 4 3 1, 4 1 3, 3 1 4, 3 4 1, 1 3 4, and 1 4 3 all
consider first, third, and fourth LSB layers for embedding.
b 16, b 15, b 14 f b 5, b 4, b 3, b 2, b 1 .
However, the order of insertion of the 3 target bits, t 3, t 2, t 1,
are different from what is shown in Table 1 (the green high-
lighted text indicates the target data).
Then, one of the 60 possible arrangements is chosen ran-
domly for the selection of the three LSB layers within a sam-
ple in the following order, expressed mathematically as
1, 2, 3, f, 59, 60, 60, 1, 2, f, 59, 59, 60, 1, f, 58, 58, 59, 60, 1,
f, 57, 57, 58, f
p if p # q
and p = q - ^^i - k h - 1h,
j='
(4)
p - q otherwise
where i and k are positive integers. k = 1 to q 6 i = 1 to q j is
the jth arrangement among q (i.e., q = n P3 for n 1 8, and for
n = 5, q = 60) possible arrangements.
AUTHENTICATION OF THE STEGO
FILE USING DIGITAL SIGNATURE
For digital signatures, two keys (one public, the other pri-
vate) are generated at the sender side, where the public key
is known by all. The message to be sent is encrypted by the
sender's private key, which is only known by the sender
and decrypted at the receiver side using only the sender's
public key. Here, the authentication of the medical center is
introduced by protecting the stego audio file with the pri-
vate key of the medical center; it is then sent to the embassy
[18] (Figure 5).
EMBASSY-SIDE OPERATIONS
The embassy receives the authorized protected audio file
from the medical center. It then checks the authentication of
the medical center by decrypting the received file with the
Table 1. The order of embedding
for three target bits.
Arrangement
Target Bits Positions
4, 3, 1
b 16, b 15, b 14 f b 5, t 3, t 2, b 2, t 1
4, 1, 3
b 16, b 15, b 14 f b 5, t 3, t 1, b 2, t 2
3, 1, 4
b 16, b 15, b 14 f b 5, t 1, t 3, b 2, t 2
3, 4, 1
b 16, b 15, b 14 f b 5, t 2, t 3, b 2, t 1
1, 3, 4
b 16, b 15, b 14 f b 5, t 1, t 2, b 2, t 3
1, 4, 3
b 16, b 15, b 14 f b 5, t 2, t 1, b 2, t 3
The green coloration indicates the target data.
Digitally Signed
Stego Audio
Stego Audio
Medical Center
The security strength of this
technique has achieved the
randomness resulting from
permutation and also the random
selection of the arrangements.
Stego Audio
Create Signature
Verify Signature
Center's
Private Key
Center's
Public Key
Embassy
FIGURE 5. The process of identification authentication using a digital signature.
september 2018
^
IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine
31
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - September 2018
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