IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - September 2018 - 51

tery

Bat
e
ngin

dc
dc - rter
e
v
Con

E

Utility Grid

PV System
Wind Turbine
dc
dc - rter
e
v
ors Con tween
e
acit
B
p
a
s
erc
tion Engine
p
c
u
e
S
nd
onn
er C rce a
Pow er Sou
Pow
(b)

Supercapacitorr
Supercapacitor
Military Application: Fighter Jet

Hybrid Vehicle
(a)

FIGURE 1. (a) The diverse application of supercapacitors. (b) An example of a supercapacitor-based hybrid vehicle. PV: photovoltaic.

THE STATE OF THE ART
Supercapacitors are used along with a
dc-dc converter and a battery in dc
microgrids [8], hybrid vehicles [9], and
hybrid energy storage systems [10]. Supercapacitors are also used in elevators [11]
and wireless sensors [12] along with
various components of smart cities [13]
and in energy harvesting [14].
Supercapacitors can provide pulse
power to charge batteries [15]. Using
supercapacitors in place of lithium-ion
batteries to power CE devices like
mobile phones is being contemplated
[16], [17]; however, the fast discharge of
supercapacitors is a pressing issue that
will be addressed by future advances in
technology. Some researchers note that
using graphene in supercapacitors may
increase the energy density by two to
three times [18]; thus, the energy-storing
capacity of supercapacitors is improved.
The graphene-based supercapacitors
could be used in electric vehicles (EVs)
with the future goal of making EVs battery free. In addition, a new polymer that
can be used to build extremely highenergy-density supercapacitors is now

available [19]. Research is also underway for the design, fabrication, and development of microsupercapacitors, or
miniaturized supercapacitors [20]-[22].

SUPERCAPACITOR-POWERED
CONVERTER: A PROTOTYPE
The prototype circuit for a supercapacitor-powered batteryless novel buck
converter is shown in Figure 3, in
which all of the connections are clearly
shown. The supercapacitors are the
sole power source for the entire circuit,
and the circuit is devoid of any other
power source like batteries or wall
power, which is the prime innovation
in the design.

50

This prototype is composed of two
main modules: the supercapacitor modules outlined in green and the unique
buck converter outlined in blue. Figure 3
shows two supercapacitor modules in
which a yellow wire is supplying positive voltage from one supercapacitor
module to the buck converter module
while a red wire is supplying negative
voltage from the other supercapacitor
module to the buck converter module.
Each supercapacitor cell is Nippon's
ELDC [23] of 700 F and 2.5 V.
Each supercapacitor module (four
cells in series) has a specification of
175 F and 10 V. The simulation results
for the prototype have been shown for

Power Consumed
by Battery

40
Powerloss (W)

require fin and fan to cool down. If a battery-operated system isn't cooled appropriately, to approximately 5-10 W, the
battery may explode. This was observed
in various instances where CE products
exploded because of overheating [7].

Fins and Fans May
Require to Cool the
Battery Above 10 W

30

Power Consumed
by Supercapacitor

20
10
0

0

10

20

30

40

50

Current Delivered (A)
FIGURE 2. A comparison of supercapacitors versus batteries.

september 2018

^

IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine

51



Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - September 2018

Contents
IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - September 2018 - Cover1
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IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - September 2018 - Contents
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