IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - September/October 2019 - 63

Figure 2 shows two visions of future AR-HUD
content. Such examples are used in this paper
for consideration and calculation of the FOV
required for AR HUDs as well as system design
and display performance parameters.
AR-HUDs are very challenging in terms of
PGUs, optics, power consumption, HUD volume, and finally yet importantly computing
power for the dynamic generation of AR content in real time. The optical requirements and
solutions are presented and discussed in this
paper and can be transferred to consumer AR
systems as well.
The readability of (AR-) HUDs is necessary for
conveying information including speedometers,
warnings, wayfinding for manual driving and
infotainment such as highlighting attractions
during autonomous driving. The range of lighting
conditions encountered from night and day, for
example, dazzling by direct sunlight, require the
highest luminance values and a very large dimming range. The requirements for AR-HUD resolution, luminance, and contrast ratio are
investigated in this paper.

Figure 1. From today's HUD with small field of view (FOV, left)
towards AR-HUDs (right) with large FOV. Sources: BMW,
MERCEDES, PIONEER.

Projection Distance and FOV
The useful AR distance and FOV depends on
the "amount" of augmentation and the traffic
scenario. The basic parameters for the vertical
FOVV and the distance d are visualized in
Figure 4 (top):
-

-

SYSTEM DESIGN FOR AR-HUDS
The fundamental system requirements of ARHUDs regarding FOV, projection distance and
dependencies of HUD volume on FOV are presented in this chapter.
The most basic requirement for AR is that the
real and virtual object are aligned and appear at
the same distance d (Figure 3)-no difference in
depth should be detectable by the driver. To
present AR content as overlay, the horizontal
and vertical FOV of an AR-HUD must be substantially larger than today. This is discussed here
for several example use cases.

-

Calculation of angles by tan(a) ¼ h/d, with h
as height of the eye and d as distance objectdriver.
Minimum useful distance for urban traffic:
dmin $ 5 m (18 km/h, 1 sec driving time).
Maximum useful distance for highway traffic:
dmax $ 80 m (144 km/h, 2 sec security
distance).

AR objects should appear at the same distance (image plane) as the real world object.
This requirement results in 5 m to 10þ m projection distance for monoscopic AR-HUDs. 3-D
(auto-stereoscopic) HUDs should be able to
place AR objects within the range of 2-30 m (the
practical limit of stereoscopic vision). Monoscopic cues such as relative size, perspective,

Figure 2. Examples of AR content as "painted" overlay for wayfinding (left) and lane highlighting incl.
annotated reality (right, example for traffic signs). Sources: BMW, NISSAN.

September/October 2019

63



IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - September/October 2019

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - September/October 2019

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