IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - September/October 2019 - 69

Figure 1. HUD architecture.

of luminance with a good efficiency, the current
trend is to associate a Digital Micromirror Device
(DMD) imager with a holographic diffuser.
The relay optics: The virtual image needs to
be magnified (collimated) in order to present a
virtual image at a finite distance (from 2-3 meter
to infinite). The optical power is given by a set of
refractive lenses, some with aspherical surfaces.
The fold mirror: In order to reduce the system
length or comply with cockpit installation constraints, the optical path can be folded by at
least one mirror. This mirror can be flat or with
power to help with the collimation.
The combiner: The generated image is superimposed on the external landscape by a combiner,
acting as a half-mirror (the reflective part is used
for displaying the image). This function could be
performed by the windshield (automotive), or
with a dedicated combiner (free form optics with
dielectric coating or holographic optical element).
With such a combiner, the reflective function can
be wavelength and/or angular selective, in order to
reach a better efficiency.

effect. With current architecture, the FOV is constrained by the volume available for the HUD
box. In current automotive HUDs, with a strongly
limited number or optically powered components, this limitation comes from the fact that
the FOV is directly related to the size of the collimating optics and the fold mirror. The human
eye can normally see a quite large FOV (60
above, 75 below, and up to 210 in horizontal if
we consider both eyes).1 However, not all of that
can be apprehended by the visual system in the
same manner. As depicted in Figure 2, what can
really be perceived depends on the angle from
the direction of gaze: vision becomes more limited when moving further from the fovea.
The EMB: The EMB can be defined as the volume of space from which the eyes can see the
projected image (partially or entirely, depending
on how it is defined). A wide EMB therefore

HUD KEY PARAMETERS AND IMPACT
Three key parameters directly impact the HUD
performances and its ability to perform augmented
reality functions with a good user experience:
The FOV: A wide FOV is highly desirable for
augmented reality to improve the immersion

September/October 2019

Figure 2. What can be perceived for a given FOV.

69



IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - September/October 2019

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