IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - November/December 2019 - 37

Figure 2. Attack-defense model.

the DDoS attacks are classified as: SSL SYN
(SG1),12 Fragmentation (SG2),13 and HTTP flooding (SG3)14 attacks. In the proposed attack tree,
DDoS attack is nominated as the attackers' goal
(G) and SG1, SG2, and SG3 are the set of leaf nodes.
These leaf nodes are subgoals, whose occurrence
could ultimately lead toward the goal.
In the leftmost subtree, there are three possible ways to achieve the subgoal (SG1).
1. Direct attack (M1): To reach M1, an attacker
performs the following: 1) sends Transmission
Control Protocol (TCP) connect calls to the target, and 2) disables his system. To avoid overloading, he disables his SYN-ACK response
messages. This attack can be mitigated by
reducing SYN receiver timer value (X1) or using
a combination of SYN cache and cookies (X8).
2. Spoofing attack (M2): To achieve M2, an
attacker selects the target address and
floods it with data packets from single or
multiple spoofed addresses. If the flooding is
performed from single spoofed address,
then it is easy for the counterpart to detect
and filter this address. So, a larger list of
spoofed source addresses is used to make
the defense difficult. The countermeasures
for the defender corresponding to M2 are:
packet-level filtering (X2), spoofing detection
software (X9), cryptographic network protocol (X14), or amendment of routing
with trust aware transmission across the
network (X13).

November/December 2019

3. Distributed attack (M3): To achieve M3,
botnets may be used, wherein the number of Internet connected computers are
maliciously taken over to lead vulnerable
transmissions. Its counteractions include:
deploying scrubbing center (X3), bandwidth
monitoring application (X10), and periodic
vulnerability checks (X15).
In the middle subtree, there are two possible
ways to achieve the subgoal SG2 (fragmentation
attack): TCP fragment attack (M4) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) fragment attack (M5).
1. TCP fragment attack (M4): To achieve M4,
attacker initially discovers the open ports
(M14) by carrying out inverse mapping
(M30) and OS fingerprinting (M31). Apart
from this, the set of rules for ports (M15) are
altered, so that incoming packets can be
denied. FTP/HTTP and custom ports can be
provided permissions for letting the flooding
of packets to occur. This is possible only by
logging into admin account (M32) and then
changing the configuration file (M33). Segments are created (M16) by the attacker in
accordance with the type of attack to be
initiated. For tiny fragment attack, the fragments having the capability to force some of
the TCP header information into the separate
fragment are created (M34), and then, the
fragments having illegal offsets are created
by an attacker for the overlapping fragment

37



IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - November/December 2019

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