IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - November/December 2019 - 92

Special Section on Emerging Paradigms in Vehicular Cybersecurity

Figure 1. Generic network for the vehicle-to-everything.6

& THIS

ARTICLE DISCUSSES the technological
advances and standardization efforts in cellular
vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) technologies that
are being developed to support the ultrareliable,
low latency, and high throughput required by
autonomous vehicles. The focus of this article is
to first, present an overview of the C-V2X developments, and second, discuss the enabling technologies for V2X, the role of network intelligence
for scalable deployments, and the efficient delivery of videos for different V2X applications.

AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES (AVs)-
A BRIEF INTRODUCTION
AVs are anticipated to reduce traffic accidents and their associated causalities by about
90%.1 For instance, automatic emergency braking has been forecasted to reduce insurance
claims by up to 38%.2 Furthermore, studies have
shown that more than 15% reduction in fuel consumption can be achieved from efficient congestion management of AVs. At the heart of this
mobility transformation are the phenomenal
advances in vehicle sensor, computing, and
storage technologies that are facilitating the
development of advanced driver-assistance systems.3; 4 The value of future cars is therefore

92

shifting from the chassis and powertrain to electronics and sensor capabilities (35% of car
costs in 2025). Approximately 90% of all innovations in new cars are now driven by electronics.3
Along with these exciting AV developments, cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) communication is emerging as an important enabler for
connected and autonomous transportation. For
instance, by allowing vehicles to communicate
with each other, AV navigation will be more reliable and efficient since vehicles will exchange
driving intent (lane changes, braking, etc.) offering situation awareness beyond the capabilities
of AV sensors. Thus, vehicular data will dominate network traffic, requiring novel network
architectures to support this growth.
The vision of intelligent and autonomous transportation systems different types of vehicular
communication links in a 5G network is depicted
in Figure 1. This includes: vehicle-to-network
(V2N), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-toinfrastructure (V2I), and vehicle-to-pedestrians
(V2P). V2N refers primarily to vehicles communicating with a network service, such as infotainment over the macro cell, whereas V2I involves
communication to smaller road side units such as
intelligent traffic lights (implementing a smaller
coverage cell).

C-V2X DEVELOPMENTS FOR AVs
C-V2X Access
3GPP provides vehicular communication standards for both LTE and 5G new radio (NR)
releases. Details of the architecture and enhancements made to support V2X services can be found
in the 3GPP technical specification TS 23.285.
C-V2X builds on the upper layers of dedicated
short range communications (DSRC) while using
the recent advances in the lower layers of 5G NR
to provide higher throughput and lower latencies.
DSRC is a complementary V2X standard built
upon WiFi that was designed to support highly
secure wireless communication for automotive
applications such as safety messages (but, the
emphasis was not for AV connectivity). Whereas,
5G NR C-V2X is anticipated to provide the ultrareliable low latency communication (URLLC) and
high data rate to support the requirements of
autonomous driving. Compared to 4G, which is

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