IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - March/April 2020 - 29

Figure 1. Overview of the protocol of supporting blockchain-based cryptocurrency with a third party. On the merchant
side, it does not need to change existing system like POS machine to accept MP using cryptocurrency.

cover all payment that these two delegatees can
make according to the predefined policies.
With delegation, the latency of payment on a
public blockchain can be reduced as the receiver
does not need to wait for a payment record to be
confirmed on the blockchain. There is still a
latency for the blockchain to confirm the record
but the receiver can accept the payment immediately as the delegatee is trusted and will not submit conflicted payment records.

Two-Step Payment
The second primitive for MP using cryptocurrency is two-step payment mechanism. Following the basic idea of Bitcoin Lightening network,
we divide the payment into two phases, prepayment and confirmation. The sender first creates
a prepayment record in the following form:
prepay

ðvalue; receiverþ ; notaryà ; critera; pkS ;
sigskS ðvaluejjreceiverþ jjnotaryà jjcriteriaÞÞ:

Here, value is the amount of cryptocurrency
that the user wants to send, receiverþ is a list
of one or more potential receivers' wallet
addresses, notaryà is a list of zero or more notaries who can endorse the transaction, and
criteria defines when the transaction should be
accepted, e.g., the majority of notaries support
the transaction, one third of notaries plus a
certain one support the transaction. pkS =skS
is the public/private key of the sender and
sigskS ðvaluejjreceiverà jjnotaryà jjcriteraÞ is the digital signature of the record.
When the sender decides to finalize a
prepay transaction, she/he first selects a
receiver pkR , generates a message ðprepay; pkR ;
sigskS ðprepayjjpkR ÞÞ and then shares with the
receiver. The receiver appends his/her digital

March/April 2020

signature sigskR ðprepay; pkR Þ and asks all notaries
listed in prepay to sign the message, and the final
result is the confirmation record

confirm

ðprepay; pkR ; sigskS ðprepayjjpkR Þ;
sigskR ðprepayjjpkR Þ; signotary ðprepayjjpkR ÞÞ

where signotary ðprepay; pkR Þ is a set of signatures
generated by users included in notary list, which
is part of prepay.
This two-steps payment scheme enables oneto-many payment, i.e., the prepayment record
does not need to bind with a specific receiver.
This is especially useful in everyday usage as the
user does not know in advance which merchant
she/he will deal with. At the same time, the
scheme reduces payment latency as notaries
guarantee the validity of a payment scheme
even if it has not been confirmed on the blockchain yet.

TWO SCENARIOS OF MP WITH
CRYPTOCURRENCY
In this section, we discuss two major MP scenarios using cryptocurrency based on the
schemes given in the section "Fine-Grained Payment Schemes."

Case 1: MP for Merchant Without a
Cryptocurrency Account
It is usually easier for a merchant to open a
bank account than an individual, but the merchant may not have an account of cryptocurrency. Therefore, it is useful for the MP scheme
with lightweight smart devices to support this
scenario to accelerate the adoption of MP with
cryptocurrency in Figure 1.

29



IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - March/April 2020

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