IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - November/December 2020 - 10

5G in Consumer Electronics

experience (QoE) of the users is barely met.
Monitoring and evaluating the provisioned
network services is an area that has currently
received a growing interest by industry and
academia. The reason for such development is
the thriving contention among the stakeholders in ICT, media, the abundance of resource
intensive services (online video and virtual
reality video streaming and recommendations), and the ultimate risk of customer
churn lost caused by inadequate service quality.1 In order to leverage users QoE, the vendors have to adopt new efficient technologies
to outsmart the competitors and to provide
specified quality-of-service (QoS) attributes.
The vision of "information under fingertip"2
and "unrestricted mobile computing" aroused
the need to enhance computing power of mobile
devices to meet the insatiable computing
demands of mobile users.3 It has been estimated
that by the year 2020, the number of IoT devices
will increase from 10 billion to 34 billion, and
nearly $6 trillion will be spent on IoT solutions in
next 5 years. Similarly, in another report, it is
stated that there will be 50 billion things in near
future that will be used on daily basis and generate a huge amount of data.4 Considering the
ever-increasing demands and requirements of
the mobile users, the communication networks
have evolved tremendously from the start till
now. The first generation (1G) was based on analog technologies, which is currently no longer in
used. The second generation (2G) was introduced to the industry after 1G that was based on
digital technologies. Several standards were
developed for 2G. However, the most thriving
and surviving ones are GSM and IS-95 CDMA. The
third generation (3G) standards were introduced
next (should be capable of handling around
2 Mb/s). Several compatible standards were
developed to operate on 3G networks, but only
few have gained popularity and survived. Among
the most widely used 3G standards are WCDMA
and CDMA 2000. Many countries around the
world are still using the aforesaid standards for
their mobile services. In U.S. alone AT&T and
T-Mobile use HSPA/GSM/WCDMA, while Sprint
and Verizon use CDMA 2000. The fourth generation (4G) is able to process at least 100 Mb/s and
up to 1 Gb/s. The 4G/LTE is today's modern

cellular technology. Most of the existing 3G carriers,
such as AT&T, Verizon, and T-Mobile have already
advanced to 4G/LTE technology, adding their own
combination of wireless technologies, including
XLTE (having 2x bandwidth of 4G).
5G is the latest generation of communication
networks that is targeted to: 1) deliver high data
rate, 2) reduced latency, 3) energy and cost efficiency, and 4) enormous device connectivity. 5G
networks are expected to operate in low frequency spectrum, such as 600 MHz, as well as
unlicensed frequency band of 3.5 GHz. 5G networks are expected to launch. However, they are
not foreseen to replace the current technologies.
It is expected that 5G networks can coexist with
multiple standards, such as LTE and WiFi, and
can coordinate with various site types (macro,
micro, and pico stations).5 In this research, we
made an attempt to study the 5G technology and
its impact on the users QoE attributes. Moreover, we will categorize the important QoE
attributes for edge, fog, and IoT paradigm, and
discuss how the advent of 5G can contribute
toward the improvement of QoE attributes
related to them.

QUALITY OF EXPERIENCE (QOE)

The Internet has transformed from being
infrastructure oriented (such as Ethernet,
routers, and computers) to business oriented
(Facebook, Google, and Amazon). Moreover,
after the inception of mobile technology, existing computing models, such as cloud has to
undergo several modifications to deliver the
specified QoS and to meet the QoE criteria of the
end users. In the said perspective, the concept
of IoT, fog, and edge computing was introduced.
The objective of the aforesaid computing models
was on performing data processing at the network ends; away from the centralized nodes.
Providing the best effort services by ignoring the
network mechanism is not enough to satisfy the
customer requirements.3 Considerable facts are
available that suggest that revenue is directly
influenced by the performance of services.6 In an
experiment by Google, a 20% revenue loss was
reported due to a delay of 500 ms in response
time. There is a growing trend that service-oriented attributes like QoS does not cover every

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IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - November/December 2020

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