IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - May/June 2021 - 15

Figure 2. Taxonomy of enabling communication and networking technologies for smart villages.
Table 1. Comparison of Modern Communication Technologies Used in Smart Villages.
Communication
Technology
Bluetooth
Z-Wave
ZigBee
LoRaWAN
WiFi
Standard/governing
bodies
IEEE 802.15.1
-
IEEE 802.15.4
LoRa Alliance
IEEE 802.11 (a/b/g/n)
Frequency
2.4 GHz
900 MHz
2.4 GHz
2.4 GHz, 3.6
GHz, 4.9 GHz,
5 GHz
RFID
6loWPAN
NFC
UBW
ISO, EPCglobal
IETF
ISO 18092
IEEE 802.15.3
125-134 kHz,
13.56 MHz,
860-960 MHz,
2.45 GHz
915 MHz
13.56 MHz
2 400 MHz
Range
(approximately)
1-100 m
100 m
10-20 m
867-869 MHz 2-5 km
100 m
Data rate
1Mb/s
9.6-100 kb/s
25 kb/s
Topology
Point-to-point
Star, cluster,
mesh
Mesh
290 b/s-50 kb/s Star
1-54 Mb/s
Star
2 m
100 kb/s
30 m
<0.2 m
10-30 m
250 kb/s
106, 212, or 424
kb
11-55 Mb/s
Point-to-point
Star, mesh
Mesh
Star
monitoring, crop spraying, planting, and soil and
field analysis. The most popular smart agriculture
gadgets are weather stations, combining various
smart farming sensors. Located across the field,
they collect various data from the environment
May/June 2021
and send it to the cloud. The provided measurements
can use to map the climate conditions,
choose the appropriate crops, and take the
required measures to improve their capacity. In
these smart village applications, energy
15

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