IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - May/June 2021 - 17

implemented within the cattle for health monitoring.
In this application, network topology continually
changes due to cattle mobility. Therefore,
this application requires a highly reliable data
gathering protocol. To address this issue, instead
of using the traditional data gathering protocol,
where each IoT device accesses the network
individually for sending and receiving important
cattle health parameters, an aggregated data
gathering approach must be used.
OPEN RESEARCH CHALLENGES
This section discusses the several open
research issues and challenges in the smart village
paradigm to present research directions in
this domain
Availability: The realization of IoT is only possible
through existing hardware and software
resources. Therefore, IoT can provide anytime
and anywhere access as well as services.
Only software is not sufficient to provide services
anytime and anywhere in rural areas. So,
the hardware also plays a vital role in IoTenabled
smart village development. Functionalities
of the various heterogeneous communication
protocols such as 6LoWPAN, IPv6,
CoAP, RPL depends on different hardware
resources. Realization of smart villages, an
awareness of association among hardware
and software by its end users is very essential.
Reliability: Reliability is an essential component
to improve the success rate of IoT services.
In most of the smart village applications,
short-range communication technologies are
used for ad-hoc network formation between
the deployed IoT devices. Communication
link failures rate in such ad-hoc networks is
much more compared to traditional infrastructure-based
networks. Therefore, maintaining
the reliability of the IoT frameworks in
a highly dynamic village environment is one of
the most challenging issues in the IoT-enabled
smart village paradigm. However, ensuring
connectivity in smart villages poses several
challenges, such as providing connectivity to
low-quality devices with high mobility, ensuring
connectivity in less-network infrastructure,
and ensuring fault-free transmission in
May/June 2021
massively deployed low cost derives in the
absence of proper network connectivity.
Mobility management: Most of the smart village
applications are based on the mobile
interface. Several heterogeneous mobile devices
are used to support several non-real-time
and real-time smart village applications. Connectivity
plays a vital role in mobile data.
Therefore, one of the major challenges for the
upcoming mobile systems is designing intelligence
mobility management techniques that
can provide a better data transmission rate in
lower connectivity. Also, it can be capable to
integrate several heterogeneous communication
technologies in the smart village domain.
Data confidentiality: Some of the smart village
applications demanded high security in the
data on all parameters. For example, mobile
e-healthcare data requires high security when
different heterogeneous IoT-devices transfer
patient information over the public network.
Also, the e-banking system demands a highsecurity
protocol for secure bank transitions.
High security in a low-connectivity network is
a major challenging issue. Furthermore, IoTdevices
in a smart village have highly risked of
attack due to sufficient vulnerabilities, such
as insufficient authorization, poor quality of
network structure, inadequate software protection,
and illiteracy. These vulnerabilities
include numerous threats and attacks in the
smart village applications. To address these
issues in the IoT-enabled village applications,
lightweight, and efficient should be designed.
Low-power and low-cost communication: In
smart village applications, heterogeneous
IoT devices are small in size and equipped
with a group of sensors. These IoT-enabled
sensor devices are powered by a small size
battery. The energy consumption rate of
these devices is very high due to heterogeneous
sensor attachment. To address these
issues in IoT-enabled smart villages, the devices
must feature low power consumption at
a very low cost. The development of small
size high capacity batteries at low cost is a
major challenging issue. Also, a lower energy
consumption microelectronics and wireless
communication can significantly improve the
lifetime of the IoT devices.
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