IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - May/June 2021 - 22

Smart Village
provides a robust database of the environmental
conditions for analysis and actions.6,31
Smart Villages Versus Smart Cities
Table 1 depicts the practical requirements
Figure 4. Mix-energy source charging of electric
vehicles.28
The proper linking of the transport system as
road, air, water, and rail transport with each
other boosts economy.27 Protected paths for
cycling and walking can be made for citizens. All
electric vehicles with charging capability and
battery capacity suitable for a range of vehicles
needed for smart villages and smart cities can
be effective to reduce dependence on fossil fuel
and reduce air pollution (see Figure 4).28
Smart Healthcare The use of IoT in healthcare
called as the Internet of medical Things
(IoMT) helps a large number of patients to be
diagnosed, and queue from hospitals can be
reduced.29,30 The smart healthcare is built
healthcare cyberphysical system (H-CPS) by
using IoMT, AI models, and electronic health
records (EHR).
Smart Home Various appliances in smart
homes are energy hungry and smart consumption
is key to keep the energy cost low.1 The connection
of a wireless module to existing
equipment will not make it smart. There must be
intelligent decision on various aspects of home
including air-conditioning temperature, appliance
usage duration, and lighting, for smart consumption
and even harvesting of energy. In this
regard, processing at the edge is beneficial.4
Noise Monitoring and Traffic Congestion
Sound detection sensors with cameras can be
placed in cities to identify the noisemaker in the
cities. GPS-enabled vehicles database ensures
the citizens to get the easiest route.6
Structural Health of Buildings Proper monitoring
of the conditions of the buildings is possible
in smart cities by using IoT sensors placed in
the buildings for monitoring parameters, which
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and features involved in harmonizing services in
a smart villages and smart cities.
ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN IOT FOR
SMART VILLAGES AND SMART CITIES
The global EHmarket will grow toUS$4.4 billion
by 2021 [see Figure 5(a) and Figure 5(b)].32,33 Consumer
electronics cover themaximumshare of the
global EH market. Industrial and wireless sensor
networks (WSNs) experience the fastest growth
amongst EH sectors. To be ubiquitous and self-sustainable,
IoT needs sensor technology, which
exhibits some properties as maintenance free,
scalable, supportsmobility, low cost, long lifetime,
flexible, environment friendly, and sustainable. EH
or scavenging aims to transduce ambient energy
into electrical energy targeting sensors and selfpowered
hardware toward battery-less IoT. The
reclaiming of energy can be termed energy scavenging
while generating energy is calledEH.
Energy Scavenging
Energy scavenging is mostly hunting of sources
that can be reused further [see Figure 6(a)]. It
is reclaimed from natural sources and from the
unused portion of the energy that is dumped.34,35
It happens on a small scale. It reduces some percentage
of the burden of the main system in
terms of activity and cost. It is done for a specific
purpose to achieve sustainability. Energy scavenging
is ideal for the sensors placed in proximity
to the machinery as industrial equipment, household
appliances, and vehicles.
Energy Harvesting
EH is a complete process, and full of activities
to use, and storing the energy scavenged from
natural resources [see Figure 6(b)]. It happens
on large scale for fulfilling the power demands.
EH technologies are the basics in enabling the
realization of zero power in wireless sensors and
implementing the IoT and man-to-machine
(M2M) communication.36 Table 2 presents the
energy sources available for powering IoT, and
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