IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - May/June 2021 - 23

Table 1. Service specifications in a smart village and smart city.
Services in
Smart City
Waste
Management
Air Quality
Monitoring
Smart
Surveillance
Smart
Energy
Smart
Lighting
Smart
Healthcare
Smart
Education
Smart
Parking
Structural
Health
Monitoring
Noise
Monitoring
NA
NA
NA
Smart
Farming
Smart Diary
Services in
Smart
Village
Waste
Management
Smart
Weather and
Irrigation
Smart
Surveillance
Smart
Energy
Smart
Lighting
Smart
Healthcare
Smart
Education
NA
Communication
Type
WiFi, Sigfox, Neul,
LoRaWAN
BLE, ZigBee,
6LoWPAN, WiFi,
Cellular, Sigfox,
LoRaWAN
BLE, WiFi, ZigBee,
Cellular, Sigfox,
LoRaWAN
ZigBee, Z-Wave,
6LoWPAN, Sigfox,
LoRaWAN
WiFi, ZigBee, ZWave,
Sigfox,
LoRaWAN
BLE, Bluetooth,
WiFi, Cellular,
Sigfox
LR-WPAN, WiFi
and Ethernet
Z-Wave, WiFi,
Cellular, Sigfox,
LoRaWAN
NA
BLE, WiFi, ZigBee,
6LoWPAN, Sigfox
6LoWPAN, WiFi,
Cellular
BLE, Bluetooth,
WiFi, 6LoWPAN,
Sigfox, LoRaWAN
Bluetooth, WiFi,
ZigBee, 6LoWPAN,
LoRaWAN
Energy Source
Battery Powered and Energy
Harvesting
Solar Panels, Battery Power
and Energy Harvesting
Battery Power and Energy
Harvesting
Power Grid, Solar Power,
Wind Power, Energy
Harvesting, and Energy
Scavenging
Power Grid, Solar Power,
Energy Harvesting
Power Grid, Battery Power
and Energy Harvesting
Power Grid, Battery Power
and Energy Harvesting
Power Grid, Solar Power,
Energy Harvesting
Power Grid, Solar Power,
Battery Power, Energy
Harvesting, Energy
Scavenging
Battery Power, Energy
Harvesting, and Energy
Scavenging
Power Grid, Battery Power
and Energy Harvesting
Power Grid, Battery Power
and Energy Harvesting
Table 3 has the power density information of
various sources.
Energy Harvesting From Natural Resources
The energy is a limited resource of paramount
importance to make a device active for an
infinite period in a smart village and city. EH
from natural resources like solar, wind, piezoelectric,
and thermoelectric12 can be effectively
used for powering IoT. The EH mainly deals with
energy generation (source), conversion (using a
May/June 2021
Feasibility
Feasible but smart garbage
containers adds in cost
Feasible
Feasible but additional
sensors needed
Feasible
Feasible
Feasible
Feasible
Feasible
Easy integration and energy
harvesting can be beneficial
to fulfill power requirement
Sound pattern identification
is a bottleneck
Feasible
Feasible
transducer), storage (for use at a later time), and
distribution (delivering it efficiently to the
required component).15,39
The energy requirement in a sensor-based
environment is increasing. It will increase further
if the computation to be performed at the
IoT-end devices. Fixed batteries are not a permanent
solution to fulfill the energy demand of the
power-hungry sensors. The power requirement
and cost restrictions lead to harvesting energy
from natural resources. The energy can be used
23
IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - May/June 2021

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