IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - May/June 2021 - 26

Smart Village
Figure 9. Eternal-thing 1.0-EHS security with PUF
in an IoT smart node.15
The Eternal-Thing 1.0 has power specifications
within the ultralow-power realm.
Eternal-Thing 2.0-Hardware Trojan Resilience
Our research on Eternal-Thing is ongoing to
integrate more security features right during the
early design phases as per SbD principle. The
reliability can be explored in terms of intentional
aging of circuits and use a specific Trojan to
affect the EHS module. These reliability issues
and their appropriate mitigation techniques are
essential. Although different Trojan attacks are
possible, the EHS architecture is more sensitive
to A2-based Trojan due to the presence of
counter in the design. A2 is a specific analog
hardware Trojan that uses capacitors, which
charges from the nearby values in wires as they
transition between digital logic values.42 It will
affect the EHS performance drastically. Proper
mitigation techniques should be adopted that
uses aging tolerant and Trojan detection circuits
to cater to various Trojans like intentional
increase in temperature and A2, for designing
Trojan resilient IoT (see Figure 10).
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE
DIRECTIONS
IoT has a vast application in smart villages and
smart cities. The usage of newconsumer technologies
for the betterment of society put a lot of burden
on the IoT-cloud and communications
network. The IoT-edge/fog computing reduces the
computational complexities at the IoT-cloud and
reduces energy and latency in communication networks.
The natural EH is an effective way to mitigate
the energy-related issues in IoT for
sustainability rather than using fixed batteries. A
state-of-the-art EH system along with built-in
26
Figure 10. Eternal-thing 2.0-EHS with trojan
resilience design in an IoT smart node.
security mechanisms is critical to power several
sensors in the smart village and smart city for sustainable
IoT. Thus, security-by-design (SbD) and/
or privacy-by-design (PbD) mechanisms can be
deployed for sustainable IoT for smart villages and
smart cities.
In the future, SbD/PbD principles will be
deployed for overall design optimization of IoT
and CPS. Novel concepts will be investigated to
bring consumer electronics gadgets that will be
secure by design to fill the gap in the functioning
of things from edge to cloud. Cost factor of the
design and operation of the sustainable IoT for
its applications in smart villages is an added constraint
for the design flow.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This workwas supportedbySpecialManpower
Development Program for Chips to System Design
(SMDP-C2SD), theMeity, Government of India.
&REFERENCES
1. S. P. Mohanty, U. Choppali, and E. Kougianos,
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2. A. Zanella, N. Bui, A. Castellani, L. Vangelista, and
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Internet Things J., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 22-32, Feb. 2014.
3. S. S. Roy, D. Puthal, S. Sharma, S. P. Mohanty, and
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