IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - May/June 2021 - 69

Figure 1. Cyber-physical systems (CPS) in smart villages.
of unavailability of the resources, they performed
load balancing.4 However, collaborative computing
facilitated the resources to collaborate with the
other available resource to meet the application's
demands. CEC aims to manage and control heterogeneous
network resources smartly to meet diversified
user demands by collaborating distributed
edge datacenters.
The CEC's main aim is to facilitate collaborations
among multiple IoT-edge devices (e.g.,
edge data centers or edge routers) to support
data processing and storage (Refer Figure 2). For
example, edge devices of one smart village can
work in collaboration with edge devices of
another smart village during the time of higher
computation demand.12 Software-defined networks
(SDN) is one of the key network concepts
where it provides programmability to unite different
edge computing resources to optimize
edge computing resources.6 We have conceptualized
the CEC into two categories, i.e., 1)
through horizontal collaboration; and 2) through
vertical collaboration.6
There are two ways of horizontal collaboration
in CEC, i.e., interdomain and intradomain.
CEC's " interdomain " collaboration facilitated
edge devices to collaborate, whereas the
" intradomain " collaboration of CEC facilitated collaboration
between the different functionalities
and services within an edge device. Similarly, vertical
collaboration represents collaboration
May/June 2021
possibilities among various layers. In the threelayered
IoT architecture (see Figure 2), the edge
layer lies between the local computing (IoT) and
core computing (Cloud) layer. The vertical CEC
facilitated collaboration with either local or cloud
computing resources to meet the demand and
improves the overall systemQoS.7
" SMART CITIES " Versus " SMART
VILLAGES "
The term " smart cities " is quite popular in the
last few years, and the following definition clearly
defines its features and properties3:
" Connecting the physical infrastructure,
the information technology infrastructure, the
social infrastructure, and the business infrastructure
to leverage the collective intelligence
of the city. "
In a city environment, we have easy access to
the required resources, such as wire/wireless
communication, computing infrastructure, and
energy. Higher design and operational cost can
be justified to an extent as population served is
higher in number. However, these resources are
not available easily in the villages to build a
smart infrastructure. Therefore, the deployment
of smart infrastructure in the villages is challenging.
Simultaneously, operation cost may not be
justifiable as the population of a village may be
small. The technologies intended for the smart
69

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