IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - November/December 2021 - 26

Communications Technology
Table 4. Summary of Proposed Modification for Phase I.
Parameter
Original
Authorization
No. of Orbital
Planes
No. of Satellites per
Orbital Plane
Total Satellites
Altitude
Inclination
32
50
1600
1150 km
53
24
66
1584
550 km
53
SpaceX plans to build hundreds of ground
Proposed
Modification
stations (or gateway sites) around the world so
that its Starlink satellites have a visible ground
station to communicate with from anywhere in
their orbit. The number of gateways may
increase with user demand. During initial deployment,
SpaceX is expecting to deploy approximately
200 gateways in the United States.
SpaceX is planning to install a few telemetry,
tracking, and control (TT&C) Earth stations all
around the world. Initially, two such stations will
be installed in the United States, including one
on the East coast and one on the West coast.15
The useful lifetime of a Starlink satellite is
spacing between satellites in each orbital plane
is 5.45 in this figure. The LEO satellites that
have currently been deployed by SpaceX as part
of phase I are not equipped with laser terminals
and cannot establish intraorbital plane or interorbital
plane laser ISLs. SpaceX is looking to
incorporate this capability in its Starlink satellites
beginning in late 2020.
In phase I, SpaceX is building and deploying
their first-generation (1G) satellites with a simplified
design. For example, these 1G satellites will
use Ku band spectrum for links between satellites.
New features, like laser ISLs, will be added
to subsequent generations of satellites. Similarly,
their 1G satellites will use parabolic antennas to
link to ground stations, and phased array solutions
will be introduced in later generations.15
expected to be five to seven years. When satellites
reach their end of life, SpaceX plans to dispose
of them through atmospheric reentry.
Operating at lower altitudes can be advantageous
especially in unplanned scenarios. In a
worst-case scenario, when a satellite fails and
has no attitude control, it will take around five
years for a satellite at 550 km to enter the Earth's
atmosphere under natural orbital decay compared
to hundreds of years at 1150 km. The reliability
of satellites also increases at lower
altitudes due to the reduction in the intensity of
radiation, and there is a lower risk of failure
induced by radiation. Less propellant is required
to place the satellite in orbit at a lower altitude,
which leaves more fuel in the satellite for keeping
it in its desired orbit.15
Figure 2. (a) SpaceX's LEO constellation for its new phase I. (b) Optical wireless satellite network created
using four laser ISLs per satellite.
26
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