IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - November/December 2021 - 48

Smart Cities
Table 3. Dataset description (nomenclature).
#
Title
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Wheat Prod.
Rice Prod.
Cotton Prod.
Wheat Cons.
Rice Cons.
Cotton Cons.
Population
GDP
GNI
Avg.
Temperature
Avg. Rain
13 External Debt
14
15
Loans
17
Methane
Emission
1 k MT
1 k 480 lb.
Bales
1 k MT
1 k MT
1 k 480 lb.
Bales
No. of People
USD
USD
Degree Celsius
Millimeters
Arable Land % of Land Area
USD
USD
16 GHG Emission
CO2 Emission MT per capita
KT of CO2
KT of CO2
18 Rural Population No. of people
Measure Unit Notation
1 k MT
wpt
rpt
cpt
wct
rct
cct
pt
gdt
gnt
tempt
raint
alt
dbt
lt
cgt
ght
mtt
rut
Figure 1. Proposed forecasting methodology.
Data Preprocessing
Overlooking of missing values can cause the
to UN population division, Pakistan turns up at
third position out of the nine most congested
countries in the world, depending on its
expected contribution rate to total growth. Pakistan's
population is 204.73 million in 2018 and
probably will reach 245 million by 2030, and 300
million by 2050. So, this tremendous growth in
population necessitate the food staples at the
same rate.
Factors
A total of 18 socio-economic and environmental
factors are selected initially that may have
impacted crops output. These 18 factors act as
independent variables while consumption
(wheat, cotton, and rice) is taken as dependent
variable. The details of these influential factors
is given in Table 3.
48
result to be uncertain and incorrect. Missing values
can be guessed, predicted, imputed, or simply
ignored. Therefore, the records with missing
values are removed. Feature scaling is performed
to keep data range consistent, which is
also helpful in formulation of improved algorithm
or model. We applied min-max scaling by
its standard formula: y0 ¼ðy minðyÞÞ=ðmaxðyÞ
minðyÞÞ (where y is original and y0 is a normalized
value) for normalization of population (in millions),
wheat production (in hundreds), and
average rain (in tens) to reduce the large difference
between their values and to keep them in
the same range. The flow for the research methodology
is depicted in Figure 1.
Variable Selection
To eliminate many collinear problems, the
subset regression method is implemented for
subset selection that refers to the task of identifying
a reduced subset having a limited number
of presented independent variables. We get subset
of most influencing factors containing wheat
consumption (wct), population (pt), GDP (gdt),
and greenhouse gas emission (ght). Here, it is
important to note that the subset regression
method identified GHG emission as one of the
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