IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - January/February 2022 - 26

Feature Article: AI-Driven Security Solutions for
the Internet of Everything
Multifactor Pattern
Implicit Authentication
Syed Shabih Ul Hasan and Anwar Ghani
International Islamic University Islamabad
Muhammad Bilal
Hankuk University of Foreign Studies
Alireza Jolfaei
Macquarie University
Abstract-Passwords are the most commonly used method to provide secure access to
user accounts. However, text and pattern passwords are vulnerable to different attacks,
such as shoulder-surfing attacks, guessing attacks, and smudge attacks. To resist these
attacks, this article proposes an operational grid (OP-Grid) technique: an implicit
graphical authentication scheme having different patterns on every login session. With a
one-time login pointer, the user creates his/her password pattern. A legitimate user is
authenticated not only through the user-created pattern but also the way the user
performs it using finger velocity and stroke time features. OP-Grid is implemented on
Android cell phones, samples are gathered from 33 volunteers, and the experimental study
is carried out to evaluate its accuracy and usability.
& ANDROID PATTERN LOCK is one of the most popular
graphical password schemes to unlock the
device. A user creates a secret password pattern
on 3 3 grid with a finger and, then, redraws it
for authentication. Authentication has five factors,1
i.e., something user knows, something user
has, the user's identification, somebody user
knows, and something user processes. The first
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MCE.2021.3054328
Date ofpublication 25 January 2021; date ofcurrent version
6 December 2021.
factor is the use of password or PIN code entry
for authentication. The second factor of authentication
is the use of smart cards, etc. The third factor
involves user identification, for example,
biometric verification. The fourth factor of
authentication is based on social relations where
users can take the help of any trusted third party,
such as a spouse or friend, who can support the
authentication process in case of failure of credentials.
The last factor is also known as the formula-based
authentication,2 which requires the
user to process a formula according to the
26
2162-2248 ß 2021 IEEE
Published by the IEEE Consumer Technology Society
IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine

IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - January/February 2022

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