IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - January/February 2022 - 37

Figure 3. Cybersecurity capabilities deployed in utility and microgrid infrastructures.18
Development of an Innovation Ecosystem for
Future Oil Drilling Free and All-Renewable
Energy Grid.
Climate change, corporate social responsibility,
falling renewable costs, and the drive to
diversify have renewed many oil and gas
companies' interest in the renewable energy sector.
In addition, the growing energy demand
drives RES usage to keep increasing. For example,
the U.S. Energy Information Administration
(EIA) indicates that, in 2019, wind was responsible
for generating approximately 42% of RES generated
power at utility-scale facilities in the U.S.,
and 7.3% of the total U.S. electricity generation,
making it the most popular RES.4
Although RES integration aids in accommodating
an increasing power demand, their volatile
intermittent nature causes a mismatch
between supply and demand. Traditionally,
alternating current (AC) electric power systems
rely on synchronous generators to provide grid
stability, and thus, achieving an all-renewable
energy grid will require to maintain the system
stability. The replacement of synchronous
machines with PV and wind systems will affect
the grid stability since synchronous generators
inherently provide the inertial response to
power systems. For example, short-term wind
power fluctuations occur on a time-scale during
January/February 2022
which load balancing methods do not yet operate.
Since the power system is mainly governed
by synchronous inertia, in order to ensure system
stability, certain aspects of the electric grid
need to be taken into consideration for RES integration
(e.g., optimal location, power flow, generation
variance, etc.).22
Overall, removing synchronous power generators
has the consequent result of less system
inertia with impacts on transient and small-signal
stability. However, if correctly designed,
active power controllers for RES within the
future inverter-dominated grid can supply a synthetic
inertia response to stabilize frequency
deviations and maintain grid synchronization. In
addition, solar PV systems bolstered by energy
storage solutions such as battery energy storage
systems (BESS), fuel cells, and flywheels, or
derated from their maximum available power
capability, can provide synthetic inertia
response for under-frequency cases. While U.S.
researchers and firms are driving significant
innovations in the RES industry, the U.S. is currently
trailing other countries in developing the
necessary ecosystem to support the RES integration
in the energy sector and, thus, future smart
cities.23;24 Germany, for example, is a world
leader in renewable energy and in the first half of
2018 it produced enough electricity to power
37

IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - January/February 2022

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