IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - January/February 2022 - 92

Special Section on Secure and High-Speed Electronic Systems
Table 3. Power Consumption (nW) of CMOS AMA, EESPFAL-Based
TSAA, and EE-SPFAL-Based TCAA With
Different Load Capacitance.
Load Capacitance (fF)
CMOS AMA8
EE-SPFAL TSAA
EE-SPFAL TCAA
5
153.8
5.918
5.916
10
273.2
12.57
12.35
15
362.5
21.10
20.62
Table 4. Energy Per Cycle (fJ/cycle) of CMOS AMA, EESPFAL-Based
TSAA, and EE-SPFAL-Based TCAA With
Different Capacitance Loads.
Load Capacitance (fF)
CMOS AMA8
EE-SPFAL TSAA
EE-SPFAL TCAA
5
6.15
0.473
0.473
10
10.93
1.006
0.988
15
14.50
1.689
1.649
power and energy efficient than EE-SPFAL-based
TSAA. Tables 3 and 4 present the power and
energy comparison results of the EE-SPFAL-based
TSAA, and EE-SPFAL-based TCAA. The power consumption
is 21.1 nW and 20.62 nW for EE-SPFALbased
TSAA and EE-SPFAL-based TCAA with a 15fF
load capacitance. Also, EE-SPFAL-based TSAA
and EE-SPFAL-based TCAA with a load capacitance
of 15 fF have energy per cycle of 1.689 fJ/
cycle and 1.649 fJ/cycle, respectively. The simulation
validated that the EE-SPFAL-based TCAA is
less sensitive to the load capacitance changes
compare to EE-SPFAL-based TSAA.
Resistance Against DPA Attack
We present the simulation results of the EESPFAL-based
TCAA and TSAA to evaluate their
resistance against DPA attack. Simulations were
performed at 45-nm technology node with the
load capacitance of 10 fF. Figure 6 shows the uniform
current profile of the EE-SPFAL-based TCAA
and TSAA adders. For determining the ability of
the TCAA and TSAA to resist the DPA attack, two
parameters are calculated for all possible input
combinations. The first parameter is the normalized
energy deviation (NED), which is the percentage
difference between the minimum and
maximum energy consumption. The second
parameter is normalized standard deviation
(NSD), which is the energy consumption
92
Figure 6. Current waveform of TSAA and TCAA.
variation. The formulas to calculate NED and
NSD are listed in (5); sE is the standard deviation
of energy consumption and Eavg
is the average
energy consumption.
Table 5 presents the NED and NSD values of
the TCAA and TSAA. The EE-SPFAL-based TSAA
has lower NED and NSD value, which indicates
EE-SPFAL-based TSAA has more balanced energy
consumption and is more secure than EE-SPFALbased
TCAA. The larger NED and NSD value of
EE-SPFAL-based TCAA is due to the variation of
intrinsic capacitance when different inputs are
given. We found out that increasing the load
capacitance of EE-SPFAL-based TCAA improves
the NED and NSD value. However, the NED and
NSD value of EE-SPFAL-based TCAA is more than
30 times higher than EE-SPFAL-based TSAA
NED ¼
NSD ¼
ðEmaxEminÞ
Emax
:
sE
Eavg
Evaluation in Number of Transistors
The transistor count of the traditional CMOSbased
AMA8, CMOS-based approximate mirror
Table 5. NED and NSD of TSAA and TCAA.
TCAA
EmaxðJÞ
EminðJÞ
NED (%)
NSD (%)
1.41E-15
1.60E-15
11.83
3.660
(5)
TSAA
1.53E-15
1.54E-15
0.275
0.102
IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine
IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - January/February 2022

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