IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - May/June 2022 - 20
Artificial Intelligence
The main reasons for the difficulty in weeding
out AI biases include64: (1) unknown unknowns
(effects of biases are felt downstream from where
they started), (2) imperfect models (NNs are not
typically designed with bias mitigation in mind),
(3) lack of social context (social impacts are often
not well understood by AI system designers), and
(4) notion of fairness is not well understood.
A promising mitigating strategy, therefore,
calls for a lessened reliance on statistical techniques
and an elevated involvement of other
dimensions of AI. For example, reasoning and
abstraction capabilities of AI such as commonsense
reasoning can provide added assurances
of the final algorithmic output that was optimized
statistically.65, 66
There is a recent initiative aimed at synergizing
good old symbolic AI and connectionist networks.
The Neuro-Symbolic AI initiative aims to address a
gap in contemporary AI by leveraging the capabilities
of current state-of-the-art statistical ML and
classical symbolic AI.67 The main goal of the initiative
is to advance AI to the next level, toward artificial
general intelligence. A useful outcome of this
research will be improved understanding of the
existing black box methods. The mitigation of bias
requires active involvement of AI practitioners and
policymakers.68
While the outcome of this synergistic direction
of research is expected in the future, amore immediate
mitigating strategy for addressing the black
box concern is to strengthen researchers' understanding
of how hyperparameter tuning can affect
the outcome of opaque DNN. Removal or addition
of variables can affect a fairnessmetric but will not
remove embedded bias depending on the robustness
of ML models to hyperparameter settings.44
Therefore, improving transparency in model tuning
and hyperparameter settings can lead to
enhanced performances.
Another interesting initiative is a " fairness
gym, " which models fairness as dynamic, and is
aimed at understanding long-term fairness.69
Other technical developments include: (1)
causal modeling and counterfactual fairness, (2)
bias discovery through fairness aware data mining,
and (3) learning latent structures. For example,
the ability to reason about counterfactual,
what-if scenarios is crucial in the quest to disentangle
social biases from the actual phenomenon
20
being modeled.70, 71 A framework for modeling
fairness using tools from causal inference has
been proposed.72 The definition of counterfactual
fairness captures the intuition that a decision
is fair toward an individual if it is the same
in: (1) the actual world and (2) a counterfactual
world where the individual belonged to a different
demographic group. Algorithms for discrimination
discovery and discrimination prevention
with fairness-aware data mining are available.73
To mitigate gender and racial bias in facial recognition,
the original ML task has been combined
with a variational autoencoder (VAE) to learn
the latent structure in data and, then, use the
learned latent distributions to reweight the
importance of data points while training.74 An
autoencoder takes a high-dimensional feature
space and compresses it into an encoded (or
latent) space characterized by having a lower
number of dimensions than the original. A VAE
is regularized to minimize overfitting to ensure
the latent space will preserve important information
on the data points to facilitate reweighting.
The proliferation of consumer grade AI tools
for creating fake content and misinformation has
made it easy for bad actors to participate in
harmful activities. Technical solutions tend to
revolve around using similar tools to content
creation for detecting fake content. It appears
that efforts aimed at creation and detection of
fake content are locked in a long-term technical
contest. While protection of consumers from
harmful fake content remains an active area of
research, currently the most effective mitigating
tools seem to be based on legislation more than
on technical solutions, for example, prohibiting
the distribution of fake videos and image targeting
high-valued contents.
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE
DIRECTIONS
This article presented a wide range of consumer-impacted
AI-related mishaps: personnel
recruitment, NLP and voice recognition for interacting
with smart devices and assistants, chatbot
on smartphones, online and mobile
shopping, pop-up ads, face recognition, consumer
lending, consumer healthcare, social
media, and fake and harmful media content. The
IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine
IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - May/June 2022
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