IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - May/June 2022 - 45
On the other side, in many countries, in rural
areas, farmers may not have an idea to contact
experts due to a lack of facilities.
Early detection of plant diseases (before
symptoms begin) may be a valuable source of
knowledge for implementing effective disease
control measures to prevent plant disease
spread. Many computer vision-based deep learning
applications have recently been deployed for
agriculture tasks, such as pest prediction, plant
disease detection, and water resource management.
Such an autonomous system can help the
farmers and agronomists to make the decisions
in time and reduce significant economic-loss. In
this article, we propose a real-time solution for
automated plant disease detection by exploiting
EfficientDet as the deep learning framework.
The significant contributions of this article
are summarized as follows.
1) A novel interactive deep learning framework
for plant leaf disease detection to find the
infected portions of the diseased leaves.
2) The proposed plant disease-detection model
achieves a high detection accuracy in challenging
adverse conditions such as high
inter- and intraclass variations and extremely
small infected regions on diseased leaves.
3) The proposed framework has been analyzed
through empirical results. Further, these
results compared to other state-of-the-art
one-stage and two-stage object-detection
approaches. It is observed that the proposed
optimized deep learning framework gives significant
results with a fewer number of parameters
and computational resources.
RELATED WORK
The existing methods for plant disease detection
fall into three categories. The first category
is the observation of symptoms that are visible
to the naked eye. It is identified with abnormal
growth or by signs of disease-causing organisms.
The color and texture features are used to recognize
and classify the infected regions from normal
conditions. But it is hardly a tedious job for
farmers to see the potential expert. And at the
same time, as referred in Sankaran et al.'s work,3
there is a risk that people could get deviated and
May/June 2022
lose eye contact within less time. Also, it is prohibitively
expensive in large farms when conducting
the mission. In Runzel et al.'s work,4 an
image-based sustainable system was proposed
for smart agriculture.
In the second category, researchers have
made significant progress in improving the reliability,
accuracy, and quality of plant disease
detection in the past decades. Image processing,
machine learning, and sensor-based techniques
are used for precision farming. In Ashourloo
et al.'s work,5 a spectral imaging technique was
proposed for leaf disease detection. The fuzzy Cmeans
algorithm was used by Sekulska-Nalewajko
and Goclawski6 for plant disease detection.
The drawback of these techniques is that
these methods will perform better when plants
are in specific growth stages. However, these
methods need feature engineering before training
the model. To avoid these drawbacks, a
sensor-based decision support system was proposed
for green farming.7
In the third category, due to the GPU computing
and storage capacities, massive data availability,
and feature automation, deep learning
techniques achieved significant results for the
classification and detection tasks in various
applications.8 Mainly convolution neural networks
(CNNs) have achieved considerable success
in classifying different plant diseases.9 In
Udutalapally et al.'s work,10
a real-time automated
plant disease prediction system was proposed
for healthy and infected crops using a
deep neural network.
However, other considerations, such as small
annotated datasets, symptom representations,
change of covariance, background image, image
capture conditions, concurrent disorders, and
related symptoms, affect plant disease recognition
and detection performance. In this perspective,
we propose a plant disease-detection
framework using EfficientDet deep learning
model. This approach does not require a large
dataset and a limited number of annotated samples
are enough to achieve better results.
IMAGE DATASET PREPERARTION
For deep learning-based applications, it is
essential to obtain large datasets for the training
45
IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - May/June 2022
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