IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - May/June 2022 - 48

Special Section on Consumer Technologies for Smart Agriculture
Table 2. Performance comparison with different state-of-the-art models.
Model
Backbone
SSD
YOLOv3
MobileNet
FPN-FasterRCNN Resnet-101
DarkNet-53
ResNet-101
ResNet-50
RetinaNet
Mask-RCNN
Optimized
EfficientDet-D2
(Proposed PLDD)
EfficientNet-B2
Precision
(%)
67.92
79.86
82.69
85.90
86.01
88.13
Recall
(%)
74.36
84.32
89.92
90.56
91.03
94.06
70.99
82.03
86.15
88.17
88.44
90.99
F1-score
(%)
mAP@IoU
= 0.7 (%)
60.41
64.76
67.80
71.26
71.92
74.10
# Parameters
(Millions)
37.6
39.2
71
53
44.4
7.2
# FLOPS
(Billions)
110
130
96
127
149
10.1
of plant disease detection is measured in terms
of mAP. Average precision (AP) is computed for
detection problems that handle single class.
Since this work considers healthy and disease
classes, mAP is computed, and stated as
mAP ¼
PN
i¼1 APi
N
:
(1)
Results and Comparison Once all the models
are trained based on evaluation metrics, final
results are compared with precision, recall, F1score,
and mAP. A total of 152 healthy and diseased
image samples are used to evaluate the
performance of the model. As shown in Table 2,
the optimized EfficientDet-D2 achieves better
precision, recall, and F1-scores, which give
88.13%, 94.06%, and 90.99%, respectively. Finally,
we observe the mAP metric with a total number
of parameters and FLOPs. As shown in Table 2,
RetinaNet and Mask-RCNN models achieve
almost better mAP of 71.26% and 71.92%, respectively.
However, these models have a large number
of parameters and FLOPs. Such models
occupy large storage space, which is not suitable
for real-time object-detection tasks. The proposed
framework advantage is cost-effective
concerning the number of parameters and
FLOPs, as demonstrated in Table 2. Due to this,
the model has less storage space suitable for
integrating it into drones or smartphones as
API solutions with limited resources. Experimental
results show that the proposed optimized
EfficientDet model achieves the mAP as
74.10%. This is because the proposed model
uses multiscale feature fusion, compound scaling,
and focal loss as a part of the design to
extract in-depth features for detecting plant leaf
diseases. Figure 3 depicts the detection results
of the proposed plant disease-detection framework
using the EfficientDet-D2 model. It is
observed that the proposed PLDD can detect
and identify the infected regions on the leaf
images by assigning precise class labels.
CONCLUSION
This work proposed a new solution for autoFigure
3. Few sample detected instances of the
proposed PLDD system.
48
matic plant leaf disease detection. The model is
trained from two open-source publicly available
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