IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - July/August 2022 - 60

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handles shared resources. While autoparallelism
reduces burden and achieves efficient solutions
in some cases, there is still a big
challenge in obtaining an optimal solution
forall programs.Hence,manycompiler
optimization problems are NP-hard. Fortunately,
combined approaches using compilers,
complex networks, and machine
learning show much promise in alleviating the
outstanding challenges.1,3
Programming-driven parallelism: Here, programmers
write highly parallelizable code
and use specialized tools for higher speed-up.
One popular option is the use of POSIX thread
(pthread). Using pthread, a single program is
broken into multiple threads, each with its
program counter and stack while sharing
global variable, dynamically allocated memory.
It follows the fork/join model, which is
based on shared memory architecture.
Another option is OpenMP which relies on
the programmer's chosen code segment(s) to
be parallelizable and this segment can be
identified by compiler directive (PARALLEL
and END PARALLEL). A different model more
suited for distributed memory is message
passing where each process has its' own set
of memory addresses it may access. Communication
only occurs if two processes work
together, with one process performing a
send operation while another performing a
receive option. This approach is used widely
for scientific computation (e.g., tracking
H1N1 infection, k nearest neighbor graph
search, etc.).
RELIABILITY OF PARALLEL
HARDWARE
Programming parallel systems bring multiple
processing units, shared/distributed memory
elements, multiple Input/Output(s) (I/Os)
together. Traditional design challenges (e.g.,
memory management, deadlock, synchronization,
etc.) also arise in parallel computing.
Hence, parallel languages and models are developed
besides compiler to handle the mentioned
challenges efficiently. Programming failures
may stem due to errors or reliability issues of
underlying complex hardware architecture
60
Table 2. MxM threads distributions, MTBFs and mean
executions between failures (MEBFs).10
MxM-G1024
MxM-G4096
MxM-G8192
MxM-P
MxM-B128
MxM-B64
MxM-B16
MBTF [104h] MEBF [107exec.]
2.37
2.46
2.73
2.89
3.19
3.19
4.96
7.87 1.10
9.84 1.38
13.91 1.95
15.92 2.23
16.80 2.35
10.44 1.46
7.59 1.06
irrespective of 100% functional correctness.
Hence, hardware failures should be avoided to
compile bug-free parallel programs. In the following,
we discuss two dominating reliability
issues of parallel hardware failures.
Single event upset (SEU): SEU determines bit
flipping due to hardware being exposed radiation.
Such bit flipping causes programming
errors during run time. For example, Kundu

IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - July/August 2022

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