IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - November/December 2022 - 80

Security, Trust and Privacy Solutions for Intelligent Internet of Vehicular Things
Table 1. Parameter for SUMO Simulator
Parameters
Value/
Name
Number of
vehicle
nodes
Vehicle
length
Vehicle
width
Number of
RSUs
RSUs
coverage
100
5m
3.5 m
10
1km
Parameters
Max. vehicle
speed
Max.
acceleration
Max.
deceleration
Driver
imperfection
Network
simulator
Value/
Name
33 m=s2
2.6 m=s2
4.5 m=s2
0.5
OMNeTþþ
Figure 3. (a) Utilization smart contract cost as
vehicular networks and Blockchain. (b) Gas
consumption as vehicular networks and Blockchain.
(c) Security analysis with DHT and with IPFS. (d) Data
storage analysis with DHT and with IPFS.
computational puzzle with proof of authority
(PoA) consensus algorithm rules and regulations.
RSU nodes are work as miner nodes in the
Blockchain networks and offer data authentication.
After authentication of the data, the verified
block then broadcasts transaction data to all
other RSU nodes. If the validation process is successful,
one block adds to the blockchain, and
data is transferred to the private centralized
blockchain. The data are stored in the private
blockchain cloud as data centers with DHT,
offering security, privacy, and independent storage
service for vehicular data as DHT, against
confidentiality and integrity attacks. This blockchain
has a DHT on data centers that offers
decentralization as secure data storage. DHT
uses the SHA-256 cryptographic algorithm (Hash
function) for encrypting the data and links to the
index values of the Hash of keys.
All city vehicular data passes to the Hash
function, and then it encrypts to Hash message
or ciphertext. This text is called an Index value
in the DHT. Cryptographic techniques (i.e.,
encryption, hashing, and signatures) are used to
protect data. Similarly, all CVNs such as CVN1,
CVN2, CVN3, CVN4, CVN5 transfer the data or
information in the centralized blockchain. The
application layer provides smart intelligent services
to the consumers to realize the data in centralized
blockchain such as decision making, big
data analysis, smart discovery, and data processing
in the graphical representation, and utilize
in some important work for transportation.
80
PERFORMANCE AND EVALUATION
ANALYSIS
In this section, we discussed performance and
evaluation analysis for the proposed architecture,
in which Table 1 shows the value set simulation
of urban mobility (SUMO) simulators. It
supports traffic simulation in vehicular networks
with GUI (Graphical User Interface). OMNeTþþ is
used as a network simulator for convert the output
with all CVNs CVN1, CVN2, CVN3, CVN4,
CVN5. Ethereum offers a decentralized environment
for Blockchain technology. The data
acquired from primary nodes (vehicles) and
delivered to the blockchain in CVNs for verification
and validation as speed, fuels, entertainment,
road condition, signal light, and others
with SUMO simulator. Communication and computation
cost is evaluated for all CVNs and centralized
Blockchain with data centers DHT in
terms of gas because 1 Ethereum is equal to
1000000000gwei (1 gas unit ¼ 4gwei).9 Smart contracts
are designed for all CVNs and DHT-based
blockchain networks with PoA and PoW consensus
algorithm and conclude that PoA is more efficient
than PoW, based on gas consumption as
utilization of smart contract cost.
The evaluation results are shown in Figure 3,
which are composed of four parts: Utilization
smart contract cost of vehicular networks and
Blockchain; Gas consumption of vehicular networks
and Blockchain; Security analysis with
DHT and with IPFS; and Data storage analysis
with DHT and with IPFS. Gas consumption is
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