IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine - January/February 2023 - 91

displayed on the labels and whether the consumers
have the knowledge and cognitive ability to
understand and use the information effectively
in decision-making. Moreover, situational factors
such as consumer's awareness about cybersecurity
concerns, consumer's behavioral intention,
and habits can also be directly related to
security and privacy preferences and perceptions
about the privacy breaches in CAVs.
From a collective perspective, the effectiveness
of a certain type of security label can be different
across countries due to the culturally
determined traits and systematic differences in
the aforementioned individual characteristics.
Thus, manufacturers should develop security
labels according to each country's needs and
requirements, which are suitable and appropriate
depending upon their population, culture,
socio-demographic characteristics (such as age,
gender, income, and education, etc.) references.
Since there is no study yet on security labels of
CAVs, there is a need to study and investigate
the role of cognition in security related labels on
CAVs and how cognition can influence information
processing and cybersecurity related decisions
while purchasing or hiring a CAV.
Consumer's Awareness for Informed Decisions
The labeling schemes (e.g., energy labeling) for
vehicles aim to increase consumer awareness for
energy or fuel efficiency or CO2 emissions, etc.,
but particularly there is a need to attach digital
security labels as well on CAVs to inform the CAV
consumers regarding the security updates and
patches of that CAV so that the purchasers of
CAVs or passengers hiring the CAVs are able to
take into account not just the cost of the CAV but
otherwise an important factor of security status of
that CAV. These labels should be displayed on digital
screens and change dynamically with time as
proposed in this article. By introducing the security
labels on CAVs, the most secure and updated
security patches are more likely to have higher
demands fromthemarket. This will have the effect
of encouraging the manufacturers to keep their
CAVs secure with updated security patches and
thus creating a healthy competition among different
CAV manufacturers. Moreover, these digital
labels should be mandatory and not voluntary
since they will stimulate the consumer's
January/February 2023
awareness on the relative security efficiencies and
operating costs of CAVs.
Cost Effective Digital Labels
In order to help CAV consumers be more
aware of cybersecurity status of their own
vehicles or shared CAVs, consumers should be
presented with information about the security
status of that CAV and guide consumers for making
security aware and cost-minimizing choices.
When security digital labels will be introduced
with CAVs, they should be cost effective so that
the consumers will not be burdened with the
excessive costs as well as the profit margin of
manufacturers should not be affected.
OPEN RESEARCH CHALLENGES
In this section, we highlight significant open
research challenges for successful implementation
and adoption of digital labels for CAVs.
Consumer's Acceptance of Digital Labels
The concept of digital security labels will provide
consumers with information about the security
status of the concerned CAV as well as
inform the consumers about the available security
patches and updates. For the consumer
acceptance of digital labels, addressing consumers
concerns about digital labels is a challenging
task. Consumer's purchasing behavior of CAV
will be highly influenced by more understandable
and meaningful security related information
displayed by the digital security labels. When
the systems of digital labels will be less complex,
easy to use, function properly and will display
accurate up to date information about the security
status of the CAV or shared CAV, consumers
of CAV will be satisfied while purchasing or hiring
CAVs and consequently its adoption will be
wider and successful.
Overcoming Policy and Regulation Barriers
To overcome policy and regulation barriers
regarding security labels is another important
challenge. Still no mandatory or voluntary regulations
are defined for minimum or maximum
security levels of CAVs because there is a lack of
any policy framework or comprehensive roadmap
that can define or set some goals to achieve
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